Downtown Laramie parking is a limited commodity and the demand for on-street parking is a function of land use. This study examined land use in 3-D space and its demand on individual parking spaces using a demand bubble. Three different types of geo-referenced data were collected: land use on every floor of every building in the Downtown Laramie district; the location and type of parking spaces in the Downtown Laramie district; and, a random survey questionnaire of parking use and destinations. Thirty-six different land uses were recorded in the 506 activity spaces in Downtown Laramie. Overall, there are 829 on-street parking spaces varying from 15 minute to unlimited parking times. From survey data parking patrons average 37.5m to their first destination after parking and a 2.1hr average parking time. A parking catchment bubble can be created using the average distance as the bubble radii. By combining the three data sets, the total demand for each parking space can be calculated based on parking space position, adjacent land uses and the parking patron profile. Using a demand model, an index of parking demand was calculated for each parking space using GIS. The patterns created provide a different perspective then the traditional land use parking demand without taking into consideration adjacent land uses and their demands for parking. Parking policy options were created based on the new parking demand index.
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2013 ASPRS Track, 3-D Land Use and Downtown Parking: Creating Demand Index by William Gribb
1. 3D LAND USE AND DOWNTOWN PARKING:
CREATING A DEMAND INDEX
William J. Gribb
Department of Geography
University of Wyoming
2. DOWNTOWN REVITALIZATION
Downtowns have the highest employment
density
Downtowns create the highest sales tax per
acre
Downtowns are the “sense of place” for a
community
3. DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT
The Laramie Downtown is composed of:
40 blocks, approximately 71 acres
616 parcels
383 businesses and residential units
1,767 On-Street Parking Spaces
1,945 Off-Street Parking Spaces
Average Parking Time-1.1 hrs
Average Walking Distance to 1st Destination-34m
4. PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Inventory and Create On-Street Database
Inventory and Create Off-Street Database
Inventory and Create 3D Land Use Database
Create Spatial Model to Determine Parking
Demand by Parking Space
Establish Parking Policy for Downtown Laramie
to Maximize Parking Efficiency
5. ON-STREET DATABASE
Geo-reference each on-street parking space
List:
Parking
Dimension: 20’ x 9’
Location, Block, Block-Face, Address
Orientation: Parallel, Diagonal
Parking Restriction: No Parking, Handicapped,
Loading Zone, 15 min., 1hr, 2hr, All Day
8. OFF-STREET DATABASE
Geo-referenced each off-street parking space
Variables:
Parking
Dimension: 20’ x 9’
Location, Block, Block Face, Street Address
Type: Private, Public
Parking Restrictions: Permit, Customer, 1hr, 2hr, All
Day
9.
10. LAND USE DATABASE
Parcel ID
Parcel Ownership
Address
Business Name
Modified NAICS Code, included residential,
parks, parking lot, churches, vacant
Stories
Geo-referenced land use activity center
11.
12. PARKING INVENTORY
Geo-referenced all parking spaces, on- and offstreet
Data collection for databases
Conducted vacancy rate inventory
Survey Questionnaire
Random
Days and Times
279 responses
13. TRADITIONAL PARKING DEMAND
Based on Zoning
Parking Assigned to Each Land Use
Residential by Dwelling Units or Bedrooms
Commercial Based on Square Footage or
Number of Employees
Restaurants Based on Number of Tables, etc.
Parking Generator, ITE, Standard
Retail,
1 per 200 sq.ft GFA
14. TABLE 15.14.040-3: OFF STREET PARKING STANDARDS
DU – Dwelling Unit Sq. Ft. – Square Feet GFA – Gross Floor Area
Use Category Use Type Required Spaces
RESIDENTIAL USES
Household Living Dwelling, Single-Family Detached 1 per DU
Dwelling, Single-Family Attached 1 per DU
Dwelling, IBC/IRC Modular Home 1 per DU
Dwelling, HUD Modular Home 1 per DU
Dwelling, Mobile Home 1 per DU
Dwelling, Two-Family 1 for each efficiency or 1 bedroom unit, 1.5 for each
two bedroom unit, and 2 for each unit in excess of 2 bedrooms. In addition, 1 visitor
parking space per structure.
Dwelling, Multi-Family 1 for each efficiency or 1 bedroom unit, 1.5 for each
two bedroom unit, and 2 for each unit in excess of 2 bedrooms. In addition, 1 space
for every 5 units for visitor parking.
Dwelling, Townhouse 1 per DU
Dwelling, Live/Work 1 per DU
Dwelling, Commercial 1 per DU
HUD Modular Home 1 per DU
17. PARKING DEMAND MODEL
Parking Space Location
3D Land Use Parking Demand
Parking Characteristics
Parking
Time
Walking Distance-34m – 68m
1st Destination, 2nd Destination
Probability of Parking Space Occupation Time of
Day
18. PARKING DEMAND MODEL
On Street
Database
Off Street
Database
Land Use
Inventory
Parking
Survey
Parking
Demand
Model
Parking
Demand
21. CONCLUSION
Mixed Land Use Influences Parking Demand
Residential Creates Problems for Off-Street
Parking
Time Limits Can Control High Demand Parking
Spaces
Parking Meters Can Be Adjusted for Demand,
Either Time or Cost