5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland

1. 5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Davos - Switzerland
THU1.2: National Risk Management Approaches
The innovation of global desertification risk
governance from China’s practice
Peijun SHI Lianyou LIU Guoyi HAN
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology
Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, MOE
Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management MOCA &MOE
Sweden Stockholm Environment Institute
Beijing Normal University
(spj@bnu.edu.cn)

2. 1 Aeolian Precesses and Blown-sand Disasters in China
2 Control Techniques & Practices and
Sustainability paradigm of Sandy Region in China
3 Implications of Sandy Desertification Change in China
4 China’s Remarks from the way for Prevention and Control
of Desertification in HFA2

3. 1 Aeolian Precesses and Blown-sand Disasters
in China

4. Gobi- Pebblization
Shadow Dunes on the Black Gobi Surface

5. Vegetation Degeneration
Dead Bushes due to desiccation
梭梭

6. Sandification
内蒙古锡林郭勒---Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia
交通引起的草原退化/Grassland degeneraton due to traffic

7. --- Ordos, Inner Mongolia: 50 mm a-1
2 m
Age of Trees: 40 Yrs
Severe Erosion of Sandy Soil by Wind

8. Sand Burying by Sand Deposition
Sandified Cropland

9. The Black City (800 a B.P.)
The Black City Ruined in the Shifting Dunes

10. The Great Wall abraded by blown sand

11. Shifting sand covers railway

12. Shaanxi Shaanxi
Houses Wrecked
by Shifting Sand,
Inner Mongolia

13. 通讯线路沙害
Communication Line Endangered by Shift Dunes

14. Dust storm
More than 100 Person died in the storm 1993年/5.5
A dust storm encroached Jinchang, on May 5, 1993

15. 山
东
苏
江
S K
Japan
China

16. Annually Mean
(1951-2000)
Distribution of Dust-storm Days in China

17. The Air Pollution Index Affected by Dust Storms in Beijing, 2002
Air Pollution Index
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1月1日
2月1日
3月1日
4月1日
5月1日
6月1日
7月1日
8月1日
9月1日
10月1日
11月1日
12月1日
500
400
300
200
100
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Month
Air Pollution by Dust Emission, Transportation and Sedimentation

18. 2 Control Techniques & Practices and
Sustainability paradigm of Sandy Region in China

19. 2.1. Control Techniques and Practices
Mechanical dune fixation
Chemical dune fixation
Plantation sand fixation

20. Straw Checkerboards along the Bao-Lan Railway

21. Checkerboards in Kubqi Sand Desert

22. Chemical dune fixation on highway slope

23. Plantation in Taklimakan Sand Desert

24. Shrub dune fixation system

25. Artifical forest along Jing-Tong railway in
Horqin Sandy Land

26. Evergreen trees in Mu Us Sandy Land

27. Agricultural shelterbelts system

28. 2.2. Sustainability paradigm of Sandy Region in China
Industry Development Based on Ecosystem Service
Capacity, Ecosystem Restoration Based on Industry
Development Principle
Optimized Eco-productive Paradigm
Regional Patterns for Combating Sandification

29. The land use mode is adjusted from“small area ecological
construction and large area production develop in” to “large area
ecological construction but small area production developing”．It
is not only simply converting farmland for forestry and pasture，
but also the transition of production mode, adjustment of land use
mode．
Four eco-industrial patterns are capital region,
farming-stockfarming region,
steppe region and
desert-oasis region

30. Four eco-industrial patterns for
Combating Sandification in China
capital region
steppe region
farming-stockfarming region
desert-oasis region

31. 3.Implications of Sandy Desertification Change in China
3.1 Drying andWarming Trends in the Sandy Desertification Areas
Rainfall Contrast between Northeastern and Northwestern China
A FastWarming Trend in the North of China
Decrease of surface wind in Northern China

32. Distribution of Temperature Tendency (1960-
2010)
Distribution of temperature tendency values in China (1961–2010)

33. Distribution of Precipitation Tendency
(1960-2010)
Distribution of precipitation tendency values in China (1961–2010)

34. Vam (m s-1)
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Annual mean wind speed (Vam) in northern China since 1960

35. qs (t m-1 a-1)
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Annual potential sand transport flux (qs) in northern China since 1960

36. 3.Implications of Sandy Desertification Change in China
3.2 Human Proactive Responses Played the Main Role
Growing Population Pressure on Land
Significant Rural Depopulation
Overgrazing on grassland still exist
The Government Purchased Vegetation Construction in Sandy Desertification Area
Great Motivation of Ecological Industrial Engineering on Sandy Desertification Control

37. Rpg (‰)
Population growth rate (Rpg) in China since 1949
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

38. Number of livestock (million))
40
30
20
10
0
1950
1955
19 60
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
19 95
20 00
Livestock growth in northern China since 1949

39. Areas of sandy desertified land in northern China since 1994
Years
(Source: Office to combat desertification of China)
Total area of
desertified
lands (million
km2)
Total area of
sandy desertified
lands (million
km2)
Trend
2009 2.624 1.7311 
2004 2.636 1.7397 
1999 2.674 1.7431 
1994 2.622 1.7259 

40. Population change in six provinces/regions in arid and semiarid China
Province Years Urban (X104) Rural (X104) Total (X104)
1982 300.19 1656.74 1956.92
Gansu 1990 493.06 1744.05 2237.11
2000 603.23 1909.20 2512.43
2010 923.66 1633.87 2557.53
1982 79.79 309.78 389.57
Qinghai 1990 121.88 323.81 445.69
2000 180.09 338.06 518.16
2010 251.63 311.05 562.67
1982 556.13 1371.29 1927.43
Inner 1990 779.69 1365.96 2145.65
Mongolia 2000 1013.88 1361.66 2375.54
2010 1372.02 1098.61 2470.63
1982 371.48 936.67 1308.15
Xinjiang 1990 508.30 1007.39 1515.69
2000 623.10 1223.16 1846.26
2010 901.53 1279.80 2181.33
1982 549.05 2341.39 2890.44
Shaanxi 1990 706.77 2581.47 3288.24
2000 1162.88 2441.89 3604.77
2010 1705.86 2026.88 3732.74
1982 87.59 301.96 389.56
Ningxia 1990 119.75 345.79 465.54
2000 180.39 368.25 548.64
2010 301.83 328.30 630.14

41. Government investment in five key forestry and desertification control programs in China
Key Projects
Gevernment
investment (X
108 Yuan)
Chief benefit of different projects
3NSDP
1978-2010
128 26.47 million ha of afforestation land
CCFP
2002-2010
2332 9.26 million ha of cropland was converted into forest land
NFPP
2000-2010
784 forest area increased by 14.00 million ha, timber production reduced by 220 million m3
SSCP
2001-2010
412 6 million ha of cropland was returned to forest
GBGRP
2003-2010
203
518.66 million ha of grassland was protected with fence and 12.40 million ha of severe degraded
grassland was reseeded
Five key forestry and sandy desertification control programs are as follows: the Three North Shelterbelt
Development Program (3NSDP), the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP), the Natural Forest
Protection Program (NFPP), the Sand Source Control Program in the vicinity of Beijing and Tianjin (SSCP), and the
Grazing Ban for Grassland Restoration Program (GBGRP).

42. 4. China’s Remarks from the way for Prevention and
Control of Desertification in HFA2
China's success is rooted in that
government attaches great importance to ecological construction; put the
prevention and control of desertification as the core mission of ecological construction;
adhere to the construction of the Great Green Wall (including north, northeast, northwest of
China region);
pay attention to the sand source control；
keep co-governance between governments and local peasants, herdsmen;
adhere to the path of ecological construction --"Industrialization of Ecological
Construction, Ecologization of Industrial Construction ","Most areas focus on ecology, small
areas focus on production".
China's strategic countermeasures to prevention desertification risk should integrate global
climate change adaptation with combating desertification together, strengthen the unity of
carbon-sinks and discharge reduction, properly master the relationship of artificial harness
and ecological self-recovery, improve the mechanism through alliance of government,
companies and social investments.
It could be valuable for the prevention and control of desertification in the world.

43. Thank You
for Your Attention!