Factors Impacting Sierra Leone's Disaster Resilience
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The document discusses factors that increase disaster vulnerability in Sierra Leone and may impact its economic sustainability following the Ebola outbreak. It analyzes 77 sources to identify key themes like education, poverty, health, corruption, and economic impacts. Sierra Leone has experienced civil conflict, epidemics, floods, landslides and other natural disasters. Poverty is widespread, hampering disaster resilience and economic growth. The analysis found correlations between these issues and calls for integrated disaster risk management and strengthened cooperation between organizations working in Sierra Leone.
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Factors Impacting Sierra Leone's Disaster Resilience
- 1. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Disasters and Long Term Sustainability: A Perspective on Sierra Leone Barlu Dumbuya, Niru Nirupama York University Canada
- 2. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Objective • To understand and identify underlying factors that increase disaster vulnerability that will impact Sierra Leone’s economic sustainability in the post Ebola period.
- 3. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Sierra Leone • Population 5.9 million • Urban population (%) 38.4% • Population living in poverty 76.1% • Life expectancy in years 47 years
- 4. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Historical and Ongoing Disasters in Sierra Leone • Manmade: civil conflict • Biophysical: Cholera, Ebola • Hydrometeorological hazards: Flooding, Landslides, mudslides, rockfalls, tropical storms
- 5. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org The Civil Conflict – 1991 - 2001 Source: Dowd and Raleigh 2012)
- 6. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Biophysical Disasters 3000 953 24 2000 1770 3094 134 0 3 90 633 1746 23009 5682 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 1985 1996 1997 1997 1998 1999 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2008 2012 2014 Deaths Affected Epidemics caused by, both viral and bacterial diseases in Sierra Leone since 1985 (based on OECD data)
- 7. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org 2014 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak
- 8. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Hydrometeorological hazards: 2005 to 2015 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Flood Landslide Storms Wildfire Numberofdisasters Number of occurrences of natural disasters in Sierra Leone between 1975 to present
- 9. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Recent floods in Sierra Leone
- 10. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Recent flood in Sierra Leone
- 11. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Roads submerged by floods
- 12. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Landslide
- 13. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Composition of revenue in the post conflict period Source:
- 14. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Real GDP growth rates, 2005-2015 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (e) 2014 (p) 2015 (p) RealGDPGrowthRates Source: AfDB Statistics Department, various domestic authorities and AfDB; (e) estimates and (p) projections
- 15. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Economic Impact • Agriculture – 20% of Ebola cases were farmers – Farming plots abandoned • Foreign investment – Companies shutdown • Service industry – hospitality – Tourism – Trade
- 16. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org GDP Growth Rates by economic activity percentage change 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2000 2005 2010 2015 GDPgrowthrate Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industry (Mining, Quarying, Manufacturing, electricity, construction) Services (Trade, Tourism, Transportation, Finance, Fincancial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured Total value added at basic prices Taxes less subsidies on products Gross domestic product at market prices Annual growth rate
- 17. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Research Methodology • Literature review (77 articles) – Government – Non-governmental organizations – Multilateral agencies – Scholarly Articles – Media
- 18. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Analysis • Top ranked themes/factors that impacts economic sustainability and disaster resilience – Education – Poverty – Sustainability – Public Health – Corruption – Ebola Recovery – Unemployment – Aid – Economic impact – Disaster risk
- 19. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org
- 20. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Themes
- 21. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Observations • Correlation between source category and the nature and type of institution. • Education ranked either first or second for each category • Poverty and Education ranked in the first five for all categories • Poverty, Education and Governance ranked in the first 5 for four categories.
- 22. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Poignant Quotes from the material analysed • Disaster Risk – “In general terms, the countries have limited capacity and mechanisms for disaster risk management” – “The countries need support to develop an early warning system that enables the health sector to more quickly recognize and respond to hazards. This should be complemented by developing the core capacities for disaster risk management, which include pre-positioned infrastructure, surveillance and laboratory capacity to rapidly detect and respond to emerging outbreaks including, but not limited to, EVD.” Source: UNDP, The World Bank, European Union, & African Development Bank. (2015). Recovering from the Ebola Crisis.
- 23. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Conclusion • Years of development aid, yet Sierra Leone is at risk • Frameworks like HFA creates awareness, not backed with action • Correlation between disasters and negative economic impact – Drop in Sierra Leone’s GDP • Recent disaster events have made resilience and economic sustainability a priority • Disconnect between multilateral agencies and NGOs • Need for greater cooperation and partnership between stakeholders • Integrate disaster risk in development policies
- 24. 6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 ‘Integrative Risk Management – Towards Resilient Cities‘ • 28 Aug – 1 Sept 2016 • Davos • Switzerland www.grforum.org Questions
Notas del editor
- I am a graduate student in the Disaster and Emergency Management program at York University, Toronto, Canada. I am interested in social vulnerability, community resilience and capacity building in developing countries. Most of my research so far is on Sierra Leone. Did this research with the supervision of Dr. Nirupama, a faculty member at York.
- It is good to take a fresh look at Sierra Leone for several reasons the recent EVD outbreak 10 years now since HFA, now we have a new framework Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction SFDRR According to the World bank group Sierra Leone $5 billion in aid since it adopted HFA. Need to examine where SL is with regards to risk reduction and resilience
- 2014 country profile – three quarters of population multidimensional poor: depraved in health, education and living standards recent events like the Ebola epidemics is a huge eye opener
- Resulted in 70,000 deaths 2.6 million impacted about half the population at the time Left Critical infrastructure scant and barely functioning Human capital weak According to a 2010 UNEP report, SL has been unable to take stock and address the risk and preconditions that fuelled the war According to the GoSL the Local community, social and productive infrastructure such as markets, stores, rice mills and community service buildings were completely vandalized. Livestock were almost completely wiped out. Mining and agriculture were ravaged and abandoned…
- Challenges Complex emergencies Cholera recent 2012 outbreak 23,124 cases, 299 fatalities Based on research for a paper I did in 2014, I knew when Ebola started that it would quickly spread through out the country. - 13 districts: except kailahun
- Ebola: west Africa experienced 28,616 cases. 11,310 deaths Sierra Leone 14,124 cases and 3,956 deaths
- Flooding an increasing threat in Sierra Leone Increasing number of floods mostly due to heavy rains. Attributed to climate change
- Flooding affected 200,000 people, killed 166 people Affects people in low lying areas – mostly informal settlements and slums occupied by the poor in urban cities and impacts agriculture activities in rural areas
- Fifteen people died landslide in the Sierra Leonean capital Freetown Late evening on Thursday 8 August 2013 destroyed the historic eighteenth century King Jimmy Bridge, a monument to slavery connects Wallace Johnson Street to the major hospital Connaught Landslides are a common problem after severe weather events, as excess pore water pressure can overcome cohesion in soil and sediments, allowing them to flow like liquids. Approximately 90% of all landslides are caused by heavy rainfall Bauwens, Joe. (2013) Sciency Thoughts: At least fifteen dead following landslide in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Retrieved March 01, 2015, from http://sciencythoughts.blogspot.ca/2013/08/at-least-fifteen-dead-following.html
- Sierra Leone is heavily indebted and dependent on external aid. In 2004, aid was running at US $360 million or 34 percent of GDP and debt was estimated at US $1.6 billion or 205 percent of GDP
- 10 year Real GDP growth rates for 2005 to 2015 2012 GoSL eased laws and policies to attract foreign investment So an Increase in production of Iron ore Rutile 2015 shows a download trend projected for 2015 Ebola Severe flooding decrease in iron ore prices on world market
- Foreign investment Scale down operation Left skeletal staff behind Service industry Domino effect
- Look at revenue flow from different sectors of the economy
- An in-depth qualitative analysis of 5 source types was used to determine factors that could hinder economic sustainability and disaster resilience especially in light of the recent outbreak. Govt, NGOs, multilateral agencies have done a lot of work in terms of dollars spent on research, assessments, projects We looked at their projects, area of work and where they are spending dollars
- 16 major themes stood out as concerns for hindering sustainability and risk reduction
- Socio economic impact “Beyond the terrible toll in human lives and suffering, the Ebola epidemic currently afflicting West Africa is already having a measurable economic impact in terms of forgone output; higher fiscal deficits; rising prices; lower real household incomes and greater poverty.” Source: Bulman, T., Calderón, C., Cruz, M., Dessus, S., Foday, Y. B., Go, D., … Over, M. (2014). The economic impact of The 2014 ebola epidemic: Short and Medium Term Estimates for West Africa, 1–71. Ebola recovery “The Ebola Recovery Assessment (ERA) identifies four key areas for the international community to assist on: health, water and sanitation; infrastructure and basic services; socio-economic recovery; and peacebuilding.” Source: Government of Sierra Leone. (2015). NATIONAL Ebola Response Strategy Strategy For Sierra Leone Government
- National and local governments Multilateral agencies International and local NGOs Communities Individuals Multilateral agencies and NGOs work in silos Collaborate only when a disaster strikes (one could say this is a good arrangement to pool resources when it is necessary) ? why shouldn’t things work this way all the time A multistake holder arrangement would - ensure that DR is integrated into development polices to reduce risk and increase resileince