In this we that about partition of punjab

2. INTRODUCTION
In history of Punjab after emergence of British rule there had been three major partitions.
• In 1901 (formation of NWFP).
• 1n 1947 (division into east and west Punjab to join India and Pakistan respectively after
independence).
• In 1964 ( division into Haryana and Himanchal Pradesh Union Territory region)
All partitions will be examined under three key areas:
• Events leading to partition.
• Process of partition.
• Aftermath.
Formation of British Punjab
According to Administrative Report 1849-51, the British Punjab was formed with following:-
• The Punjab Proper and Trans-Sutlej Territories
• Cis-Sutlej Territories
According to Administrative Report of 1868-69, the British Punjab was “bounded on the north
and north-east by the Himalayas, on the east by river Yamuna, on the south by the district of
Mathura in the North Western Provinces, the states of Rajputana and the river Sutlej and on the
west by Suleiman Hill and Afghanistan”
• In 1958 Delhi was made part of Punjab

3. Source- Wikimedia. (2018, November 2). Pope 1880 Punjab. Retrieved from Wikimedia:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d1/Pope1880Panjab3.jpg

4. FORMATION OF NWFP 1901
Events leading to partition:
• The Afridi tribe had received subsidy from British India for safeguarding the Khyber pass for
sixteen years.
• Suddenly, however the tribesmen rose and captured all the posts in the Khyber pass held by
their own countrymen.
• Battle of Saragarhi occurred at this stage.
• Another outbreak by Mohmands (Pashtuns) in the hill country west of Peshawar
• The main reason was said to be demarcation of Durand line as it divided tribes into
and British India.
• Mullahs were also considered responsible for this uprising as they preached against Britishers
annexing their country.
• Aamir of Afghanistan was also said to be involved in arousing military sprit among local tribal.
• Two expeditions were sent by British army to settle the conflict:-
1. Tirah Campaign (1897-98)
2. Mohmand Campaign (1897-98)
• Both expeditions were successful and conflicts were very much resolved.

5. PROCESS OF PARTITION
• In 1898 Lord Curzon became viceroy of India.
• His response to conflict between border area and the British was to change
government structure of that area.
• Pashto speaking districts were separated from the Punjab province.
• New province was carved out of Punjab consisting districts- Hazare, Peshawar, Kohat
and Trans-Indus Portion of Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan.
• The newly created province was called North Western Frontier Province.
• It is also said that NWFP was created as a buffer zone to protect India from attack of
Russian empire.
AFTERMATH
• New province was to be managed directly from Calcutta.
• He placed them in the charge of Chief Commissioner responsible to Government of
India.
• on 1st December 1931 NWFP was given the status of governor’s province and its
chief commissioner.
• A legislative council was also set up with 40 members among which 22 were to be
Muslims..
• In 1911 Delhi was separated from Punjab and made India's capital.

6. Source- Wikimedia. (2018, November 2). Punjab 1909. Retrieved from Wikimedia:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punjab_1909.jpg

7. PARTITION OF 1947
The partition of Punjab was directly linked to the partition of India . It was the
inevitable result of the developments that made their headway during the last
hundred years.
The Punjab before partition in 1947 comprised 29 districts each tehsil having 1000
to 2000 villages with 3 or 4 tehsils in the district. For administration tehsils were
grouped into five divisions:-
1. Ambala division- Gurgaon, Rohtak, Hisar, Ambala, Karnal.
2. The Jullundur division- Kangra, Jullundur, Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur, Firozpur.
3. The Lahore division- Amritsar, Sialkot, Lahore, Gurdaspura, Shekhupura,
Gujranwala.
4. The Multan division- Lyallpur, Multan, Montgomery, Jhang, Dera Gazi Khan,
Muzaffarabad.
5. The Rawalpindi division- Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attok, Shahpur, Mianwali.

8. EVENTS LEADING TO PARTITION
History of Indian Muslims under British rule:-
• Muslim population was scattered throughout subcontinent
• There were some main clusters of Muslim majority in north-east and north-west.
• Their was ethnic division between Indian Muslim:-
1. The Ashraf (direct descendants of the invaders, elites, landlords, Urdu language,
minority)
2. The Ajlaf (coverts, majority, local language peasants, labours,etc)
• The Indian census started in 1881 formed the basis for the stereotypes of rigid
religiously defined communities.
• Muslim elites in UP were afraid of Hindu domination.
• Hindi-Urdu controversy, anti-cow killing riots in 1893
• 1906- All India Muslim League was created at Decca in All-India Muhammadan
Educational Conference.
• Its membership was just limited to just 400 out of which 70 were from up.

9. CONTINUED…
• Its principle aim was to voice Muslim views during discussions concerning
constitutional reforms from 1907 onwards.
• League’s demanded for separate electorates and reservation of seats within
imperial legislative council.
• Both were accepted in: Indian Councils Act (1909) (Minto-Morley reforms)
• Separate electorates were designed to increase Muslim representation in the
system of elected local government which was introduced from Indian Council
Act 1861
• Some writer say it was part of colonial divide and rule policy and was first step
in the process of partition.
• Communal representation 1909 strengthened the belief that people following
certain religions, naturally shared common interest from which other were
excluded.
• The principle of communal representation was pushed further in the
Government of India Act, 1919. (Montague-Chelmsford Reforms)
• This award accorded separate electorates for Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian
Christians, Anglo Indians, and even Marathas in there minority provinces.
• A step to self-government in India within the Empire, with greater
provincialisation, based on a dyarchy principle in provincial government as well

10. PRE PARTITION DECADE
• Chaudhary Rehmat Ali had in 1933 coined the term “Pakistan” “the land of
pure” which would consist of Punjab, Afghan (NWFP), Kashmir, Sindh and
Baluchistan.
• The pamphlet in which appeared “Now or Never” was largely ignored at that
time.
• In August 1933, Muslim delegation to the parliament committee of India
dismissed Pakistan as “chimerical and impracticable”.
• Two major developments transformed the demand into practical politics:-
1. The experience of congress rule in Muslim minority area following the
introduction of provincial autonomy in 1935.
2. The second was the impact of second world war.
• The Government of India Act (1935) introduced a substantial measure of
representative government through provincial autonomy.
• ‘Law and Order’ subjects which were previously been kept under British control
in the system known as ‘Dyarchy’ were now handed over to elected Indian
representatives.
• In elections of 1937 Muslim league achieved its best result in the Muslim
minority areas where it portrayed itself as guardian of Muslim interests.

11. CONTINUED
• In up 29 out of 64 Muslim seats.
• In Punjab Unionist Party formed the government.
• Congress formed government in 7 out of 11 provinces.
• Congress appeal to Muslim voters was very limited they contested only on 58 Muslim reserved
seats out of 482 and won only26.
• Cow Protection Act and use of Hindi showed image of future congress.
• Muslim league leaders had created a fear of Hindu domination among Muslim populace.
• October 1939 congress resigned as viceroy Linlithgow had declared war on behalf of India
against Germany.
• 22 Dec 1939 Muslim league celebrated deliverance day (celebrated as end of ‘unjust’ congress
rule).
• March 1940 in Lahore Jinnah gave two nation theory for separate Muslim homeland.
• At time it was called Lahore resolution as Jinnah didn’t mention the name Pakistan in his speech
but it was popularised as Pakistan resolution.
• Jinnah demanded Muslim majority areas in north-east and north-west to be carved out as
separate nation for Muslims.
• Muslim League operated with state patronage, while congress devoted its energies to struggle
against British rule
• As Congress leaders were busy in or in jail due to participation in Non-Cooperation
Movement(1939-42) or Quit India Movement (1942), Muslim league was free to popularise
Pakistan demand.

12. CONTINUED…
• 18 Oct. 1939 Viceroy in his speech referred Congress as Hindu party while Muslim
league as representing all Muslims of country.
• August offer (1940) made it clear that British would not transfer power to any system
of government whose authority was ‘denied by large and powerful element in India's
national life’.
• March 1942 Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India to secure Indian support for war
and offer future constitutional reforms.
• Cripps Mission was also sent to demonstrate good faith to America who were now
their war allies and anti-colonist.
• 1945 Shimla Conference was called by Lord Wavell with an intent to break the ice
between congress and Muslim league.
• Jinnah demanded that all Muslim members of Indian Executive Council should
belong to Muslim league.
• 1946 elections Muslim league gave blow to the Unionist by winning 75 out of 86
Muslim seats.
• In centre league won 439 out of 494 Muslim seats, leagues claim for representing all
Muslims was vindicated.
• NWFP was only province where Congress won more Muslim seats with their
collation party Khudai Khidmatgars.
• Yet in the June referendum population of province voted for the inclusion in
Pakistan.

13. PUNJAB EVENTS
 Separate representation for Muslims
• In Punjab Muslims were in a majority(55%).
• It was the only province where majority community had ben granted
separate representation.
• Separate representation was justified due to their narrow majority and
their economic backwardness.
• Hindus and Sikhs dominate the fields of industry commerce trade and
banking.
• Non-Muslims dominated in the activities of agriculture and money
lending.
 Muslim domination opposed
• The Sikhs and Hindus opposed the representation and reservation of
seats.
• Hindus argued that their should be no reservation of majority
community.

14. CONTINUED
 Proposals for the partition of Punjab
• In order to solve communal tangle in Punjab , Sir Geoffrey Corbett suggested
the separation of Ambala division from the Punjab.
• He argued “historically, Ambala division is part of Hindustan and its inclusion in
the province of the Punjab was an accident of British rule. Its language is
Hindustani, and its people are skin to adjoining meerath and Agra divisions”
• This would have increased Muslim majority to 63% in the state.
• In order to counteract sir Geoffrey’s scheme Sikh delegation suggested a
territorial rearrangement which would take from Punjab the Rawalpindi and the
Multan division(excluding Montgomery an Lyallpur districts).
• This division wold have raised Hindu and Sikh to majority in the remaining
state.
• Lahore resolution of Muslim league demanded creation of Muslim state to
consist of “geographically contiguous units, demarcated into regions with such
a territorial readjustment a may be necessary”
• “territorial readjustment” involved obviously splitting up of Punjab.
• The whole Punjab could not apparently be include in Pakistan as it areas with
Hindu majority

15. CONTINUED..
 The demand for the partition of the Punjab
• Week after Lahore resolution, the Khalsa National Party of which Sir Sunder
Singh Majithiya passes a resolution prophesying that “it would be the height of
audacity for anyone to imagine that Sikhs wold tolerate for a single day the
undiluted communal raj of any community in the Punjab which is not only their
homeland but also their holy land.”
• Dec,2 1942 Master Tara Singh advocated the partition of Punjab into two
provinces one dominated by Hindus and Sikhs and the other by the Muslims.
• Shromani Akali Dal put forward the Azad Punjab Scheme.
• According to scheme new Punjab was to carved out after separating the
overwhelming Muslim majority areas, it was agued that it was to be an ideal
province with about an equal portion of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.
• Master Tara Singh had explained basis of province in his letter to Sir Stafford
Cripps.
• He said “the Sikh certainly can not dominate any decently large portion of the
country and hence they do not demand domination. But a big province, much
bigger than many of existing provinces in area, population and wealth can
certainly be carved out where Sikhs are dominated by no single minority.”

16. CONTINUED
 Mr, Jinnah's rejection of partition proposal
• Mahatma accepted the principle of division of the Punjab in a united India
when he wrote to Mr Jinnah saying “ I proceed on the assumption that India is
not to be regarded as two or more nations but as one family consisting of
many members, of whom the Muslim living in the north-west zones, i.e.
Baluchistan, Sindh, north west frontier province and that part of Punjab where
they are in an absolute majority over all other elements and in parts of Assam
and Bengal where they are in an absolute majority, desire to live in separation
from India……the areas should be demarcated by commission approved by the
congress an the league. The wishes of the inhabitants of the areas demarcated
should be asserted through votes of adult population of the areas or through
some equivalent method. If the vote is in the favour of separation it shall be
agreed that these areas shall form separate state as soon as possible after
India is free from foreign domination.”
• Jinnah rejected this proposal an replied “self-determination confined to
Muslims alone
• “we claim right of self determination as nation… you are labouring under
wrong idea that “self determination” means only of a “territorial unit”… ours is
the case of division and carving out two independent sovereign states by way
of settlement between two major nation, Hindus and Muslims, and not of
severance or secession from any existing inion”

17. CONTINUED…
 “The Conspicuous Part” by Dr. Mohammad Iqbal
• Dr. Mohammad Iqbal at annual session of Muslim league was among first to suggest a separate
Muslim state “ the formation of consolidated north west Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the
final destiny of the Muslims.”
• Dr. Mohammad Iqbal had been persuading the Muslims members of the unionist party to join Muslim
league since 1936.
• Due to this Jinnah got concerned and invited Sir Sikander Hayat Khan to Lucknow, to attend the
session of the league in Oct. 1937 and hence the Sikander-Jinnah pact was signed which converted the
Muslim members of the unionist party into members of Muslim league.
• Sir Sikander Hayat Khan joining the league particularly at time when he had solid majority of 119
members in the house of 175 proved the beginning of the end of the unionist party of which he was
leader.
• Though Sir Sikander had joined the Muslims league, he had fundamental differences with Jinnah.
• He resigned from Muslim league working committee in 1942, some months before his death.
• In March 1944, Jinnah asked Sir Khizar Hayat Khan, to persuade all Non-Muslim members of the
assembly to join Muslim League Collation.
• Jinnah demanded that ministry in Punjab should be named Muslim League Collation Party.
• Unionist Party leaders rejected these demands Muslim League members crossed over the opposition
just before the dissolution of the assembly for the elections of 1946.
• Meanwhile British Labour Ministry sent the Cabinet Mission whose plan was accepted both by Muslim
League and congress. The existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was dissolved and new elections were
held.

18. CONTINUED…
 Elections of 1946
• Muslim league secured 73 seats of the Punjab Legislative Assembly
out of 85 seats contested.
• Unionist Party won only 19 seats.
• Although Muslim league emerged as largest single party in Punjab
it was not in majority to form government by themselves.
• Hence they relied on the governor to come to their rescue under
sec 93 of the Government Of India Act 1935.
• But governor refused when Sir Khizar Hayat Khan formed a ministry
with the support of congress and the Akali Party.
• Election of 1946 had clearly indicated that the Muslims of Punjab
were solidly behind the Muslim league and its demand of Pakistan.

19. Source- Wikimedia. (2018, November 2). Indian_Provincial_Election_1946. Retrieved from
Wikimedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Provincial_Election_1946.svg

20. THE PARTITION PLAN
• Labour party won Mr. C.R. Attlee new prime minister.
• Independence of India was one the issue from their election manifesto.
• Atlee sent a mission to India consisting of several members of the cabinet.
• They tried to maintain India's unity by meeting Muslim league’s demands
halfway.
• It provided limited powers for the centre.
• The constituent assembly to be setup was to have the following compulsory
grouping of the provinces for making the constitution of free India:
1. Section A - consisting of Madras, Bombay, u.p., Bihar, the Central Provinces
and Orissa.
2. Section B - consisting of Punjab, Sindh, N.W.F.P., the British Baluchistan.
3. Section C - consisting of Bengal and Assam.
• Sikhs protested against this compulsory grouping as they were thrown at the
mercy of the Muslims.
• The constituent assembly started working on December 9, 1946.
• Their was continuous conflict in the Interim Government between Muslim
League and Congress due to which it was called a failure.

21. THE NEW APPROACH
• Lord Mountbatten was appointed new Viceroy of India.
• Transfer of power before june1948.
• Mr. Jinnah wanted whole of Punjab in Pakistan.
• Mountbatten told Jinnah that Muslim claim will be limited to Muslim parts of the
province if Muslims can opt out of India Non-Muslims should also be allowed to
opt out of Punjab.
• Communal riots broke in the districts of Rawalpindi, Attok and Multan.
• The communal riots demonstrated that their can be no settlement in the case of
Punjab.
• June 3, 1947 Lord Mountbatten announced the plan in which provisions were made
for the partition of Punjab and Bengal.
• Plan was accepted by all major parties Muslim League, Congress, Shromni Akali Dal.
• Notional division of Punjab was made allocation Muslim majority areas to Pakistan.
• Members of Punjab legislative assembly met in two sections separately to decide
that weather they want to join India or Pakistan.
• Members of Muslim majority districts voted for Pakistan and others voted for India.
• It had been laid down in the plan that partition of province was to be effected even
if one section was in favour of it. Indian Independence Act 1947.

22. THE PUNJAB BOUNDARY COMMISSION
• 30 June 1947 constructed
• Sir Cyril Radcliffe was appointed chairmen along with the four members:
1. Mr. Justice Din Mohammad
2. Mr. Justice Muhammad Munir
3. Mr. Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan
4. Mr. Justice Teja Singh
• The terms of reference of the commission, as set out in the announcement, were as follows:
• “The Boundary Commission is instructed to demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of Punjab on the basis of
ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and Non-Muslims. In doing, it will also take into account
other factors”.
• Punjab Partition Committee has decide following 14 districts as disputed districts:
• Firozpur, Hoshiarpur, Jullundur, Ludhiana, Gurdaspur, Lahore, Shekupura, Guzrawala, Amritsar, Montgomery,
Lyallpur, Multan, Hissar, Sialkot.
• Muslim council advocated that boundary should be drawn near about Sutlej giving Muslim majority areas to
Pakistan.
• Non Muslim demanded Muslim majority areas of central Punjab like Montgomery, Lyallpur, Gujranwala, Lahore,
Shekhupura in Eastern Punjab.
• Non Muslim case rested on economic conditions as they had played an major role the development of these
areas and were now owners of many non moveable economic assets.
• Members of commission were not able to agree on single boundary line, so all four members represented
different reports consisting their version of boundary line.
• “Gentlemen you have disagreed and, therefore, the duty falls on me to give the award which I will do later on”

23. THE AWARD
• The Punjab Boundary Award was released to the leaders of India and Pakistan on
the 16th August in the afternoon and announced on 17th August 1947 morning.
• Both the West Punjab and the East Punjab resented the award.
• West Punjab resented for the loss of Gurdaspur district and Firozpur Canal Head
Works.
• East Punjab resented the loss of Lahore, Nankana sahib and canal districts of
Lyallpur and Montgomery.
• The Radcliffe Award made only minor changes in the notional division provided on
the 3rd June plan.
• Four police stations of tehsil Kasur in the Lahore district were given to the East
Punjab in order to mitigate the consequences of the severance of the Upper Bari
Doab Canal.
• The only exception in the case of district of Gurdaspur which was in the West
Punjab according to the notional division. The award gave its Shikargarh tehsil to
West Punjab and remaining three tehsils to East Punjab
• Out of 29 districts of the united Punjab the award allocated 13 districts to the East
Punjab and 16 districts to the West Punjab.
• On the whole, West Punjab received about 62% and East Punjab about 38% of the
area of the erstwhile united Punjab.

24. Source- Amir, T. (2018, November 2). Partition Of Punjab in 1947. Retrieved from Pakistan
Geotaging: http://pakgeotagging.blogspot.com/2014/10/partition-of-punjab-in-1947.html

25. Source- Amir, T. (2018, November 2). Partition Of Punjab in 1947. Retrieved from Pakistan
Geotaging: http://pakgeotagging.blogspot.com/2014/10/partition-of-punjab-in-1947.html

26. THE COMMUNAL VIOLENCE
In 1946, Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared 16 August as ‘Direct Action Day’ and called for Muslims all over
the country to ‘suspend all business’. This was to put pressure on the British government to relent to the
Muslim League’s (headed by Jinnah) demand of dividing the country on the basis of religion, thereby
allowing the creation of a Muslim-dominated Pakistan.
Against a backdrop of communal tension, the protest triggered massive riots in Calcutta. More than 4,000
people lost their lives and 100,000 residents were left homeless in Calcutta within 72 hours.
In Punjab communal riots first started n the Muslim majority areas in West Punjab in March 1947
During December 1946- Janury 1947, squads of Muslim league volunteers known as Muslim National
Guards kept parading the streets of Lahore, shouting provocative slogans.
Hindus and Sikhs, who had been victims of communal riots in the districts of Rawalpindi, Multan, Attok,
etc. migrated to the eastern districts of the Punjab. This created tension and communal hatred wherever
they settled.
From march to August 1947, there had been communal rioting in Punjab at short or long intervals.
Punjab Boundary Force was constructed to control any post independence communal violence.
In beginning of August rioting broke out all over Punjab and situation worsened as the date of transfer
came near.
As area of violence was wide Boundary Force was ineffective.
It is impossible to ascertain actual number of casualties during riots, however popular estimate of
casualties is about half a million.
Master Tara Singh called upon the Sikhs to prepare themselves against the grave danger that threatened
them to organize an Akali Fauj
Hindus and Sikhs all had made small squads to kill Muslims, Sikh states of Patiala, nabha, jind and Faridkot
provided them with ammunition.

27. MIGRATION CAUSES
• Circumstances created by communal riots forced minorities to quit their
homes and migrate to new palaces.
• No question as to the exchange of population arose even after
announcement of 3rd June plan.
• Chaudhry Rehmat Ali “we must not have our minorities in Hindu lands ….not
must we keep hindoo and/or Sikh minorities in our own lands even if they are
themselves willing to remain wit or without any special safeguards. For they
will retard our national reconstruction and in times of crisis they will betray us
and bring about our destruction”
• Mr Jinnah also stated several times that exchange of population was
necessary alongside the partition of India.
• Role of Refugees
• Transfer of Civil and Public Officers.
• Infection of Police
• Indifference of Dominion Governments.
• Mutual Differences.
• False Roomers and Resultant Panic
• Vague Decisions.

28. MIGRATION PROCESS
• The partition of Punjab was not intended to, and did not solve the
minority problem.
• More than 4 million Muslims were left in east Punjab and more 4
million Hindu and Sikhs in west Punjab.
• Establishment of Military Evacuee Organisations.
• Evacuation by Motor Transports.
• Evacuation by Trains.
• Foot Convoys.
• Forcible Conversions.
• Recovery of Abducted Women

29. AFTER-MATH
 Refugee concentration and resettlement
• In East Punjab the agriculturist, belonging to particular districts of the
west Punjab were directed to proceed to the specific districts in east
Punjab under the following agreements:
• About 350,000 peasant and cultivator families from the west Punjab
were move straight to the Muslim evacuee villages by the east Punjab
government.
Refugee land holders from
Punjab
Resettlement in the East Punjab
Lahore and non-colonists from
Montgomery Districts
Ferozepur District
Rawalpindi, Sheikhhupura and
Gujranwala Districts
Karnal Districts
Shahpur and Gujrat Districts Ambala District
Multan District Hissar District
Jhang and Muzaffargarh Districts Rohtak District
Dehra Ghazi Khan and Mianwali
Districts
Gurgaon District
Sialkot District Hoshiarpur, Amritsar and
Gurdaspur District

30. CONTINUED
• Sikh and Hindu landholders suffered a heavy loss by migrating
to the East Punjab.
• Non-Muslims held 6.7 million acres of cultivable land in West
Punjab while Muslims had 4.7 million acres in East Punjab.
• Non-Muslims left 20 lakh acres in excess of what Muslims of East
Punjab had left behind.
• Non-Muslims who had migrated to the East Punjab had a grater
urban element and higher standard of living than Muslims of
East Punjab who had predominantly rural character.
• Non-Muslims who had very good houses in west Punjab had to
live in poorly built houses left by Muslims of East Punjab.
• There was wide disparity in the occupations pursued by
outgoing and inflowing people which resulted in many economic
problems in the both states.

31. SOCIAL EFFECTS
• Sharp decline in the morals of the people.
• About 50 thousand womens were abducted in both Punjab.
• Lawlessness was common in Punjab.
• Inter mixture problem in refugees.
• Social strains by “Baradari” were relaxed, severe blow to common
village system.
• Many new social developments in local social setup of both sides of
Punjab due to mingling with refugees.
• Urban Non-Muslims who settled in in villages of West Punjab
quickened the pulse of social life.
• Free and easy culture of the west Punjab had a liberalising influence
on the women of east Punjab.
• West Punjab lost its social and cultural variety.

32. PARTITION OF BENGAL
• On 20 June 1947, the Bengal Legislative Assembly met to decide the future of the Bengal
Presidency, on whether it would be a United Bengal within India or Pakistan; or be divided into
East and West Bengal
• In 1905, the first partition in Bengal was implemented as an administrative preference, making
governing the two provinces, West and East Bengal, easier
• While the partition split the province between West Bengal, in which the majority was Hindu,
and the East, where the majority was Muslim, the 1905 partition left considerable minorities of
Hindus in East Bengal and Muslims in West Bengal
• While the Muslims were in favour of the partition, as they would have their own province,
Hindus were not. This controversy led to increased violence and protest and finally, in 1911,
the two provinces were once again united
Before the official Radcliffe line was drawn these were the religious demographics:
• Muslims majority districts: Dinajpur, Rangpur, Malda, Murshidabad, Rajshahi, Bogra, Pabna,
Mymensingh, Jessore, Nadia, Faridpur, Dhaka, Tippera, Bakerganj, Noakhali and Chittagong.
• Non-Muslim majority Districts: Calcutta, Howrah, Hooghly, Birbhum, Burdwan, Bankura,
Midnapore, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, 24 Pargana, Khulna and Chittagong Track hills.
Final division:
• Pakistan: East Dinajpur, Rangpur, Rajshahi, Bogra, Pabna, Mymensingh, Sylhet (except Barak
valley), Khulna, Bakerganj, Tippera, Noakhali, Chittagong, Jessore, East Nadia, Chittagong Track
Hills.
• India: West Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Malda, Murshidabad, West Nadia, Calcutta, 24

33. CONTINUED…
• Millions of Hindus migrated to India from East Bengal. The majority of them
settled in West Bengal, a smaller number went to Assam, Tripura and other
states.
• Violence was limited only to Kolkata and Noakhali. And hence in Bengal
migration occurred in a much more gradual fashion and continued over the
next three decades following partition.
• Among Hindus in East Bengal those who were economically better placed
often had relatives and other connections in West Bengal and were able to
settle with less difficulty. Muslims followed a similar pattern. The urban and
educated upper and middle class left for East Bengal first.
• However, poor Hindus in East Bengal, most of whom belonged to lower
castes found it much more difficult to migrate. Their only property was
immovable land holdings. Many sharecropped. They didn't have any skills
other than farming. As a result, most of them decided to stay in East Bengal.
• Throughout the next two decades Hindus left East Bengal whenever
communal tensions flared up or relationship between India and Pakistan
deteriorated.
• The situation of the Hindu minority in East Bengal reached its worst in the
months preceding and during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, when
the Pakistani army systematically targeted ethnic Bengalis regardless of
religious background as part of Operation Searchlight.

34. Source- Gupta, Y. (2018, November 2). Why was Bangladesh known as East Pakistan and was not
given to India during partition? Retrieved from Quora: https://www.quora.com/Why-was-
Bangladesh-known-as-East-Pakistan-and-was-not-given-to-India-during-partition

35. Source- Gupta, Y. (2018, November 2). Why was Bangladesh known as East Pakistan and was not given to India
during partition? Retrieved from Quora: https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Bangladesh-known-as-East-Pakistan-
and-was-not-given-to-India-during-partition

36. PATIALA AND EAST PUNJAB STATES UNION (PEPSU)
• The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was a state of India
uniting eight princely states between 1948 and 1956.
• It was formed on 5 May 1948 by merging together of eight East
Punjab princely states of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Kapurthala, Faridkot,
Kalsia, Malerkotla and Nalagarh.
• It was formally inaugurated on 15 July 1948 by Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel, Deputy Prime Minister of India.
• The government of the Union started functioning on 20 August 1948
when Maharaja Yadavinder Singh of Patiala took over as Rajpramukh
or governor. Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala was made
Uparajpramukh or Deputy Governor
• Gian Singh Rarewala was sworn in as first chief minister on 13 January
1949.
• State Reorganisation Commission which was established in
December,29 1953 submitted its report in 1956 and recommended
the merger of PEPSU in Punjab.
• 1 November 1956 PEPSU merged with the state of Punjab

37. BIFURCATION OF PUNJAB IN
1966
• The idea of Punjabi speaking state was projected soon after the
independence of the country.
• In 1958, Government Of India made 2 regional committees of
Punjab legislative assemblies.
• one for Punjabi speaking areas
• other for Hindi speaking areas
• The committees were to advice Punjab legislative assembly and to
recommend legislative measures.
• But people were not satisfied and wanted a Unilingual Punjab
State.

38. PUNJABI SUBA MORCHA 1960
• Master Tara Singh proclaimed that regional formula had failed, that
Punjabi Suba was the only solution and that the only way to achieve
this was another MORCHA.
• He before his arrest by Kairon government appointed Sant Fateh
Singh his successor.
• The Sikh jathas assembled inside golden temple, prayed and marched
out shouting Punjabi Suba slogans and were promptly arrested.
• The main aim of the morcha that it was for Punjabi speaking state.
• In this morcha about 47000 persons were arrested. It was the biggest
ever mass mobilization, with largest ever arrest in any struggle
launched in Punjab.
• To secure a speedy national division, Sant Fateh Singh declared his
determination to fast and to go in for self-immolation if the Punjabi
Suba was not created.
• Before the final date fixed by the Sant, the militarist rulers of Pakistan

39. CONTINUED
• With the achievement of the cease fire on the Indo-Pakistan border, the central government
announced the formation of a parliamentary committee under the chairmanship of the Lok
Sabha speaker to discuss the demand for Punjabi suba.
• On 23 April 1966, 3 member Punjab Boundary Commission (Chairman Justice Jyantilal
Chotelal Shah, members: S. Dutt and M.M. Philips) was set up to recommended.
• The adjustment of existing boundary of Hindi and Punjabi regions of present state of Punjab
to secure linguistic homogeneity.
• To indicate boundaries of the hill areas of the present state which were contagious to
Himanchal Pradesh and had cultural linguistic affinities. The commission was required to
apply linguistic principle with regard to the census figure of 1961 and other relevant
considerations: administrative convenience: economic well being; geographical contiguity;
and facility of communications were main factors to be taken into consideration.
• The commission submitted its report on 31st may 1966.
• On recommendations of Shah Commission, the Punjab region was to form a Unilingual
Punjabi speaking state. It was to comprise Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar,
Gurdaspur, Patiala, Bhatinda, Kapurthala districts and parts of Ambala and Sangrur district.
• The hilly areas of Punjab i.e. the areas of Kangra, Shimla and Lahol and Spiti were to be
merged with Himachal.
• The remaining areas of the Hindi speaking region were to be formed into a separate state
called Haryana. It was to consist of Hissar, Gurgaon, Karnal, and Mohindergarh districts and
parts of Ambala and Sangrur districts.
• Chandigarh was made into a union territory and capital of both states of Haryana and Punjab.

41. Maps of India. (2018, November 2). Punjab. Retrieved from Maps of
India: https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/punjab/

42. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Khan,W.(1987) Facts are Facts. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd.
• Singh,K.(1972) The Partition of The Punjab. Patiala: Punjabi
University Press.
• Talbot,I., Singh,G.(2009) The Partition of India. New Delhi:
Cambridge University Press.
• Gandhi,R.(2013) Punjab A History from Aurangzeb to
Mountbatten. New Delhi: Aleph Book Company.
• Randhawa,M.S.(1954) Out of Ashes. Delhi: Oxford University
Press.