project

2.  The present scenario in certain sports like tennis,
cricket, badminton, foot ball, etc. require cut edge
accuracy to decide a make or break situation which
may be a goal for foot ball, short service for
badminton, to determine whether a player has been
run out in cricket.
 This being said, there is an immense requirement
for a fool proof and undisputedly credible means
which can determine the fate of a player’s stint.
 The past gives us proof that there is indeed
requirement for something neutral, accurate and
speedy which can decide a make or break situation.

3.  1966 World Cup Final , England VS
Germany
 2010 World Cup , Knockout Round ,
England VS Germany
 2012 FA Cup Final , Liverpool VS Chelsea

5.  Introduction
 History
 How It Works?
 Visual Representation
 Accuracy
 Applications
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion

6.  Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket,
tennis, snooker and other sports to visually track
the path of the ball and display a record of its
most statistically likely path as a moving image.
 All Hawk-Eye systems are based on the principles
of triangulation using the visual images and
timing data provided by a number of high-speed
video cameras located at different locations and
angles around the area of play.

7.  It was developed by engineers at Roke Manor
Research Limited in 2001; the patent being held
by Paul Hawkins and David Sherry.
 Later, the technology was spun off into a
separate company, Hawk-Eye Innovations Ltd., as
a joint venture with television production company
Sunset + Vine.
 It first hit our screens in 2001 and has been helping
to unravel the mysteries of the lbw decision ever
since.

8.  It essentially involves visual processing, using
cameras, not lasers. There are six calibrated
cameras stationed at strategic points around the
ground.
 As a ball is bowled each camera recognizes the
ball in the image. A 3D trajectory of the ball is
created from the image data using a process
called Kalman Filtering.
 From this 3D trajectory, you can determine the
speed, angle and deviation of the ball's flight.

9.  The Hawk-Eye system is based on the principle
of ”Triangulation”.
 Triangulation is the process of determining the
location of a point by measuring angles to it
from known points at either end of a fixed
baseline.
 Hawk-Eye takes 2 inputs:
1. Video provided by 6 different cameras placed
at 6 different places.
2. The speed of the ball.
 Hawk Eye incorporates both image analysis and
radar technology.

12.  Hawk-Eye Technology is mainly of use in
sports such as:
› Cricket
› Tennis
› Snooker
› Football
 It is also used in computer games.

13.  Its major use in cricket
broadcasting is in analysing
leg before wicket decisions,
where the likely path of the
ball can be projected forward,
through the batsman's legs,
to see if it would have hit the
stumps.
 The systems are also used to
show delivery patterns of
bowler's behaviour like line
and length.

14.  In tennis Hawk-Eye generates the impact of the
ball whether the ball is “IN” or “OUT”.
 Hawk-Eye was first used in tennis in the year
2004(US open tennis).

15.  Hawk-Eye has been proposed for use in
Association football but has yet to win general
approval from the major governing bodies of
the sport.
 The Football Association, English football's
governing body, has declared the system as
"ready for inspection by FIFA", after tests
suggested that the results of a goal-line
incident could be relayed to the match
referee within half a second.

16.  The technology exposes the errors made by the
umpires, hence saving time.
 Hawk-Eye is a handy tool for much more: its
ability to track line, length, movement and
speed means that it's a great aid in television
coverage and for analysis.
 The whole process takes less than a second, and
is accurate to within 3.6 millimetres – that's just
around an eighth of an inch.

17.  At least 25 per cent of the ball must be visible for
the system to work. That means that if the ball went
over the line in a melee of bodies after a goalmouth
scramble, the system would probably not be able to
make a call.
 There's the need to install the high-speed cameras
and the black netting, which makes the system both
relatively expensive and realistic only at stadiums.
 It challenge’s the umpires decision.
 It is not highly precise.

19.  Introduction
 History
 How It Works
 Applications
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion

20.  In association football, goal-line technology is a
technology which determines when the ball has
completely crossed the goal line, assisting the
referee in calling a goal or not.
 If the ball has fully crossed the line, the goal-line
technology automatically sends that information
to the match officials within a second. This
message is displayed on the watches of the
referee and his team.

21.  In the wake of controversial calls made
in the Premier League, 2010 World Cup
and the Euro 2012, FIFA (previously
against the technology) is testing
potential candidates for goal-line
technology.

22.  By producing low magnetic fields around the goals, Goal
Line Technology creates the radio equivalent of a light
curtain.
 As soon as the ball has wholly crossed the goal line
between the posts, a change in the magnetic field is
detected.
 A goal alert in the form of electronic waves is then
instantaneously transmitted by the sensors to the game
officials using an encrypted radio signal, with a message
displayed on the referees wristwatches.
 The system uses a very small and compact electronic
device embedded in the ball manufactured by Select
(Denmark).

25.  The results are more accurate than human observations
and decisions.
 It is not effected by the weather such as when visibility is
bad during a game.
 Since the decision is decided in an objective manner
mechanically, there can be less dispute.
 Because it's a simple magnetic detection system that does
not rely on any image processing, GoalRef is almost
instantaneous with a notification taking less than a tenth
of a second.
 GoalRef's sensors can be implanted in just about any ball.
 The whole system is relatively cheap and simple to
manufacture.

26.  The signals from the ball may be time consuming
as well to verify that the ball in fact crossed the
plane.
 There will still be the argument that technology
is not completely reliable all of the time.
 Some older fans are more reluctant to trust
technology at all in making those kind of major
decisions.
 It may undermine the authority of the referees.

27.  Sports has great commercial importance and
popularity, hence it plays a very important role in
everyone’s lives.
 As a result, there’s a need to make the game more
interesting and as fair as possible.
 Human errors play a vital role in decision making at
decisive moments.
 There is a need to bring about a technology to
minimize the chances of human error if such
situations are to arise. Only with correct decisions,
players will stay motivated and the spirit of the
game will be kept alive.

28.  With this idea in mind we have presented to you a
study of two technologies, namely, Hawk Eye, which
is used in sports like cricket and tennis to track the
trajectory of the ball, and Goal Line, which is used in
football to determine when the ball has completely
crossed the goal line.
 Both these technologies are fairly recent and have
their own set of advantages and disadvantages.
 Only time and betterment of both technologies to
reduce flaws can tell if they can actually create a
positive impact on sports.