Mass spectrometry involves ionizing chemical samples and sorting the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It consists of an inlet system, ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The ion source ionizes molecules which are then analyzed by the mass analyzer and detected. Mass spectrometry has applications in trace gas analysis, pharmacokinetics, protein characterization, glycan analysis, and space exploration due to its high sensitivity and ability to analyze complex samples.

1. INSTRUMENTATION, MASS SPECTRUM & APPLICATIONS
SYED
AHMAD
ARSLAN M. WASIF MANAN WALEED M.
SALEEM ABUBAKAR ZAFAR ARIF ALI USMAN
RAZA

2. A mass spectrometer

4.  In a mass spectrometer, the same thing is
happening, except it's atoms and molecules that
are being deflected, and it's electric or magnetic
fields causing the deflection.

5. It consists of
 Inlet system
 Ion source
 Mass analyzer
 Detector

7. INLET SYSTEM
Meant for;
 Sample introduction.
 Amount of Sample.
 Pressure Maintenance.

8. ION SOURCE
 Ionizes The Material Under Analysis.
 The Ions Are Then Transported By Magnetic Or Electric Fields To The Mass
Analyzer.

9. ION SOURCE
Requirements For Ion Source:
 The sample must be in vapor phase prior to ionization.
 The sample should not undergo thermal decomposition during vaporization.

10. ION SOURCE
 The common technique used for the
production of ions in mass spectrometer is by
bombardment of electrons. These bombarding
electrons are produced from an electrically
heated tungsten filament. A few mgm of
sample is produced as vapors in ion source at
an operating pressure of 10-6mm. the vapors
are allowed to pass into ion chamber. Here it is
bombarded by electrons from filament. Due to
bombardment the molecules generally lose
one electron to form a parent ion radical.

11. ION SOURCE
 IONIZATION POTENTIAL :
 The minimum energy required to ionize an atom or
molecule is called ionization potential. The energy
required to remove one electron from neutral
parent molecule is usually 10eV. With this much
energy no ions are formed. But if energy of
bombarding electron is around 70eV, then this
results in the formation of fragment ions or
daughter ions.

12. MASS ANALYZER
 The positively charged ions produced in the ion
chamber are accelerated by applying an
acceleration potential of 8 KV. These ions then
enter the mass analyzer where there differentiate
on basic of their mass to charge (mz) ratio.

13. MASS ANALYZER
 Positive ions travel in a circular path through 180o
under a magnetic field H. suppose an ion having
charge z is accelerated through a voltage V. Then
the kinetic energy of ions is expressed as:
 1/2mv2 = zV ……….. (a)

 v = Velocity of ions after acceleration
 V = Potential applied

14. MASS ANALYZER
 In a magnatic field H, any ion will experience force
HzV. It produces an acceleration of v2/r in a circular
path of radius r. hence from newton’s 2nd law of
motion

 HzV = mv2 /r ……….. (b)
 Squaring both sides
 H2z2V2 = m2v4 /r2

15. MASS ANALYZER
 H2z2 = m2v2 /r2……….. (c)
 From equation (a)
 mv2 = 2 zV
 Putting in equation (c)
 H2z2 = m. 2 zV / r2
 H2z = 2mV/ r2

16. MASS ANALYZER
 m/z = H2r2 / 2V
 From this equation this is clear that at a given
magnetic field strength (H) and accelerating
voltage, the ions of m/e value will follow a circular
path of radius r. these ions reach the
collector, amplified and recorded.

17. ION DETECTOR
 The detection and recording of ions can be done
either by photographic plates or electrical method.
 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
 ELECTRICAL METHOD

18. ION DETECTOR
 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES:
 In this method a photographic plate is kept at right
angel to the path of ions so ions of successive m/e
values form an image.

19. ION DETECTOR
 ELECTRICAL METHOD:
 in this method the detector is usually electron
multiplier which produce electrical signal
proportional to number of ions, sticking the
detector. These signals are amplified by a series of
dynodes. The result of these amplified signals is
presented in the form of graph.

20. RECORDING OF SPECTRUM
 The amplified signals from electron multiplier is
usually recorded by
 An oscilloscope
 A chart recorder
 A computer

21. RECORDING OF SPECTRUM
 An oscilloscope:
 Oscilloscope is useful for displaying peaks arising
from a single ion in mass spectrum. It gives
maximum sensitivity upon proper instrumentation.

22. RECORDING OF SPECTRUM
 A chart recorder:
 In cart recorded a photosensitive paper is used. This
is used when ions are detected by photographic
plate.

23. RECORDING OF SPECTRUM
 A computer:
 The use of an online computer for recording mass
spectra now a day is most important method. The
whole system is known as a data system which
consists of a computer, a visual display unit (VDU)
and a print plotter.

24. MASS SPECTRUM
 A mass spectrum is an intensity vs. m/z (mass-to-
charge ratio) plot representing a chemical analysis.
Hence, the mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern
representing the distribution of ions by m/z ratio in
a sample. It is a histogram usually acquired using an
instrument called a mass spectrometer.

25. X-axis: m/z (mass-to-charge ratio)
 The x-axis of a mass spectrum represents a
relationship between the mass of a given ion and
the number of elementary charges that it carries.
This is written as the IUPAC standard m/z. most of
the ions formed in a mass spectrometer have a
single charge, so m/z value is equivalent to mass it
self. The IUPAC Gold Book gives an example: "for
the ion C7H72+, m/z equals 45.5".

26. Y-axis:relative abundance
(%)
 The y-axis of a mass spectrum represents of the
ions. The most intense ion is assigned an
abundance of 100, and it is referred to as the base
peak.

28.  ISOTOPE DATING AND TRACKING:
 Mass spectrometry is also used to determine the
isotopic composition of elements within a sample.
Differences in mass among isotopes of an element
are very small, and the less abundant isotopes of an
element are typically very rare, so a very sensitive
instrument is required. These instruments
sometimes referred to as isotope ratio mass
spectrometers (IR-MS). Isotope ratios are
important markers of a variety of processes. Some
isotope ratios are used to determine the age of
materials for example as in carbon dating. Labeling
with stable isotopes is also used for protein
quantification.

29.  TRACE GAS ANALYSIS:
 Several techniques use ions created in a dedicated
ion source injected into a flow tube or a drift tube:
selected ion flow tube (SIFT-MS), and proton
transfer reaction (PTR-MS), are variants of chemical
ionization dedicated for trace gas analysis of
air, breath or liquid headspace.

30.  PHARMACOKINETICS:
 Pharmacokinetics is often studied using mass
spectrometry because of the complex nature of the
matrix (often blood or urine) and the need for high
sensitivity to observe low dose and longtime point
data. The most common instrumentation used in
this application is LC-MS with a triple quadrupole
mass

31.  PROTEIN CHARACTERIZATION:
 Mass spectrometry is an important emerging
method for the characterization and sequencing of
proteins. The two primary methods for ionization of
whole proteins are electrospray ionization (ESI) and
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
(MALDI).

32.  GLYCAN ANALYSIS:
 Mass spectrometry provides a complementary
method to HPLC for the analysis of glycans. Intact
glycans may be detected directly as singly charged
ions by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
mass spectrometry) or by fast atom bombardment
mass spectrometry

33.  SPACE EXPLORATION:
 As a standard method for analysis, mass
spectrometers have reached other planets and
moons. Mass spectrometers are also widely used in
space missions to measure the composition of
plasma.