1. Prepared by:
Giselle M. Manabat
AB-PSYCH IV

2. Integrative model
PHASE I: Open-ended Phase
PHASE II: Causal Phase
PHASE III: Hypothetical Phase
PHASE IV: Closure/Generalization

3. Background (Professional Training
and Field of Specialization)
Nature and Basis of Theory
Relevance and Function

4.  Field: Developmental
Psychologist & Ego Psychologist
 Known for: Theory on Social
Development/ Psychosocial
Stages of Development
 Influences: Sigmund Freud and
Anna Freud
ERIK HOMBERGER ERIKSON

5. Salient facts
 So what’s in a
name? Erik, son of
Erik
 artist
 Reason why he
pursue psychology?
 When he was 25, his friend
Peter Blos -- a fellow artist
and, later, psychoanalyst --
suggested he apply for a
teaching position at an
experimental school for
American students run by
Dorothy, a friend of Anna
Freud. He was
psychoanalyzed by Anna
Freud herself.

6. Nature/Basis of theory
 EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE
 This principle says that we
develop through a predetermined
unfolding of our personalities in
eight stages. Our progress
through each stage is in part
determined by our success, or
lack of success, in all the previous
stages.

7. Epigenetic Principle:
the unfolding of a
rose bud…

8. RELEVANCE AND FUNCTION
 RESEARCHES:
1. The Recovery
Process Utilizing
Erikson’s Stages of
Human
Development
 The authors offer a
psycho-developmental
model that parallels
Erik Erikson’s theory of
human
development, and
theorize that the
process of psychiatric
recovery involves a
psychic reworking of
these fundamental
steps.

9. Stages Developmental Stages of
Recovery
Erikson’s stages of
Human development
Stage 1 Trust vs. Doubt Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage 2 Hope vs. Shame Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
Stage 3 Empowerment vs. Guilt Initiative vs. Guilt
Table 1. Comparison human development & recovery stages
2. The Use of Erikson’s
Developmental Theory with
Gay Men from Rural
Communities by Keith W.
Beard, Psy.D.
Amy Hissam, M.A.

10. Similarities
Differences

11. Similarities
 Freud and Erikson's theories on stages of
development contain similar themes for 1 to 3 years, 7
to 11 years and adulthood.
 During the 1 to 3 years old stage, both theories agree
the child initiates control of specific actions.
 Freud and Erikson's stages of 7 to 11 years focuses on
mastering new skills and activities.
 The adulthood stage in both theories demonstrates a
focus on romantic relationships at some point.

12. differencesSigmundFreud
-concentrates on 5
stages of psychosexual
stages.
-biologically and
sexually oriented theory
(incorporation of sexual
pleasure)
-believed that if failure
occurs during any stage,
the individual becomes
fixated. The fixation of
a stage could later lead
to personality disorders.
ErikErikson
-postulates not 5 but 8
stages of psychosocial
stages.
-much more society and
culture-oriented
-outlines that if an
individual does not
complete a stage
successfully he moves
on to the next stage
carrying remnants of
the older stage.

13. TErminologies
Psychosocial Crises- developmental tasks
having 2 conflicting forces which are
psychosocial in nature (Ex. Trust vs.
Mistrust)
Optimal Time- a certain time for each task
Psychosocial Virtue- are “psychosocial
strength” which will help us through the
rest of the stages of our lives.

14. TErminologies
Maladaptations- is not quite as bad &
involves too much of the positive and too little
of the negative (ex. A person who trusts so
much)
 Malignancy- is the worse of the two & involves
too little of the positive and too much of the
negative aspect of the task (ex. A person who
can’t trust.)
 Mutuality- interaction of generation

15. Hypothesis and Applications

16. Erik Erikson says…
“Each individual must learn how to hold both
extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in
tension with one another, not rejecting one end of
the tension or the other. Only when both extremes
in a life-stage challenge are understood and
accepted as both required and useful, can the
optimal virtue for that stage surface.”

18. Mom,
can I
trust the
world?

19. 1. Trust vs. Mistrust
Stage
(age)
Psycho-
social crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-
social
virtues
Maladaptations &
malignancies
I (0-1) --
infant
trust vs.
mistrust
mother hope, faith
sensory distortion -
- withdrawal
 Task: develop trust without
completely eliminating the capacity for
mistrust.

20. What if a proper balance
is achieved?
Psychosocial Virtue: “Hope”
-even things are not going well, they
will work out well in the end.

21. Is it
okay
to be
me?

22. Task: achieve a degree of autonomy
while minimizing shame and doubt.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame
and Doubt
Stage
(age)
Psycho-
social crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
II (2-3) --
toddler
Autonomy
vs. Shame
and Doubt
parents
will,
determination
impulsivity --
compulsion

23. • ImpulsivenessMaladaptive
Tendency
• Compulsiveness
• A person feels as if their entire
being rides on everything they do
so everything must be done
perfectly.
Malignant
Tendency

24. What if you get the proper, positive
balance of autonomy and shame and
doubt?
Psychosocial Virtue: “Will or
determination”
- “CAN DO!” is their motto

25. Is it
okay for
me to
do,
move
and act?

26. Task: confronting child is to learn
initiative without too much guilt.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage (age)
Psycho-
social
crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
III (3-6) --
preschooler
Initiative
vs. Guilt
Family
Purpose,
Courage
Ruthlessness –
Inhibition

27. • Ruthlessness
• person takes the initiative
alright;
• The goals are everything, and
guilty feelings are for the
weak. The extreme form of
ruthlessess is sociopathy.
• Develop aggressive behaviors
Maladaptive
Tendency
• Inhibition
• inhibited person will not try
things because "nothing
ventured, nothing lost" and,
particularly, nothing to feel guilty
about.
Malignant
Tendency

28. A good balance leads to…
Psychosocial Virtue: “Purpose”
-the capacity for action despite a clear
understanding of your limitations and past
failings.

29. Can I
make it
in the
World of
People
and
Things?

30. Task: to develop a capacity for industry
while avoiding an excessive sense of
inferiority.
Stage (age)
Psycho-
social
crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
IV (7-12 or
so) --
school-age
child
Industriuos
ness vs.
Inferiority
Neighborhood
and School
Competence
Narrow
virtuosity –
Inertia
4. Industriousness vs.
Inferiority

32. • Narrow Virtuosity
• We see this in children who aren't
allowed to "be children," the ones
that parents or teachers push into
one area of competence, without
allowing the development of
broader interests.
Maladaptive
Tendency
• Inertia
• . This includes all of us who suffer from
the "inferiority complexes"
• Others never developed social skills -- the
most important skills of all -- and so we
never go out in public. We become inert.
Malignant
Tendency

33. the kids without a life: child
actors, child athletes, child
musicians, child prodigies
of all sorts.
What are the examples of
Maladaptive tendency of
Narrow Virtuosity?

34. “And I remember
going to the
record studio and
there was a park
across the street
and I’d see all the
children playing
and I would cry
because it would
make me sad that
I would have to
work instead…”
-An adult who’d never
grown up

35. The childhood bullying by
her classmates automatically
caused Stefanie to feel
inferior. In order for others
to like her, she thought she
needed to “produce”
something that was not
genuine to whom she
believed she was. In the
classroom environment, she
did not achieve a healthy
sense of self-worth, and
according to Erikson, this is
an essential part of
childhood growth
(Cloninger, 2008).
CASE ANALYSIS OF
STEFANI
GERMANOTTA

36. What if a proper balance
is achieved?
A happier thing is to develop the right balance of
industry and inferiority -- that is, mostly industry
with just a touch of inferiority to keep us sensibly
humble.
Psychosocial Virtue: “Competency”

37. Who am
I and
what
can I
be?

38. Stage (age)
Psycho-
social
crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
V (12-18 or
so) --
adolescence
Ego-
Identity vs
Identity
Diffusion
Peer groups,
Role models
Fidelity
Fanaticism –
Repudiation
5. Ego Identity vs. Identity
Diffusion

39. Ego identity
- means knowing who you are and
how you fit in to the rest of
society. It requires that you take
all you've learned about life and
yourself and mold it into a unified
self-image, one that your
community finds meaningful.

40. Identity Diffusion
- meaning an uncertainty about one's place in society
and the world. When an adolescent is confronted by
role confusion, Erikson says he or she is suffering
from an identity crisis.
 Psychosocial Moratorium
- He suggests you take a little "time out."
- Take a break, smell the roses, get to know yourself.
- We tend to want to get to "success" as fast as
possible, and yet few of us have ever taken the time
to figure out what success means to us.

41. • Fanaticism
• A fanatic believes that his way is the
only way. Adolescents are, of course,
known for their idealism, and for
their tendency to see things in
black-and-white. These people will
gather others around them and
promote their beliefs and life-styles
without regard to others' rights to
disagree.
Maladaptive
Tendency
• Repudiation
• They repudiate their membership in the
world of adults and, even more, they
repudiate their need for an identity.
Malignant
Tendency

42. What if you successfully
negotiate in this stage?
Psychosocial Virtue: “Fidelity”
-means loyalty, the ability to live by societies
standards despite their
imperfections, incompleteness and
inconsistencies.

43. Can I
love??

44. Task: to achieve some degree of intimacy,
as opposed to remaining in isolation.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage (age)
Psycho-
social
crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
VI (the 20’s)
--
young adult
Intimacy vs
Isolation
Partners,
Friends
Love
Promiscuity –
Exclusivity

45. Intimacy
- Emphasized around the age of 30
- is the ability to be close to others, as a lover,
a friend, and as a participant in society.
Because you have a clear sense of who you
are, you no longer need to fear "losing"
yourself, as many adolescents do.
- Young adults are still eager to blend their
identities with friends. They want to fit in.

46.  Isolation
- The "fear of commitment" some people seem to
exhibit is an example of immaturity in this stage.
- Erikson believes we are sometimes isolated due to
intimacy. We are afraid of rejections such as being
turned down or our partners breaking up with us.
- We are familiar with pain, and to some of
us, rejection is painful; our egos cannot bear the
pain.
“I don’t know which is worse. Keeping your love for
someone a secret or telling them and risk being
rejected?”

47. • Promiscuity
• referring particularly to the
tendency to become intimate
too freely, too easily, and
without any depth to your
intimacy.
Maladaptive
Tendency
• Exclusion
• refers to the tendency to isolate
oneself from love, friendship, and
community, and to develop a certain
hatefulness in compensation for one's
loneliness.
Malignant
Tendency

48. What if you successfully
negotiate in this stage?
Psychosocial Virtue: “Love”
-Love, in the context of his theory, means being
able to put aside differences and antagonisms
through "mutuality of devotion."

49. Can I
make
my life
count?

50. Stage
(age)
Psycho-
social crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
VII (late
20’s to
50’s) --
Middle
Adult
Generativity
vs. Self-
absorption
Household,
Workmates
Care
Overextension –
Rejectivity
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
 Task: here is to cultivate the proper balance of
generativity and stagnation.

51. Generativity
- an extension of love into the future. It is a
concern for the next generation and all
future generations.
- Erikson considers
teaching, writing, invention, the arts and
sciences, social activism, and generally
contributing to the welfare of future
generations to be generativity as well --
anything, in fact, that satisfies that old
"need to be needed."

52. Stagnation
- is self-absorption, caring for no-one.
- The stagnant person ceases to be a
productive member of society.
- a dissatisfaction with the relative
lack of productivity.

53. • Overextension
• Some people try to be so
generative that they no longer
allow time for themselves, for
rest and relaxation.
Maladaptive
Tendency
• Rejectivity
• you are no longer participating in or
contributing to society. And much of
what we call "the meaning of life" is a
matter of how we participate and
what we contribute.
Malignant
Tendency

54. The Stage of Midlife Crisis
- Sometimes men and women take a look at
their lives and ask that big, bad question
"what am I doing all this for?"
- Men are often the most flambouyant
examples: They leave their long-suffering
wives, quit their humdrum jobs, buy some
"hip" new clothes, and start hanging
around singles bars.

55. What if you successfully
negotiate in this stage?
Psychosocial Virtue: “Care”
-you will have a capacity for caring that will
serve you through the rest of your life.

56. Is it
okay to
HAVE
BEEN
me?

57. Stage
(age)
Psycho-
social crisis
Significant
relations
Psycho-social
virtues
Maladaptations
& malignancies
VIII (50’s
and
beyond) --
old adult
Integrity vs
Despair
Mankind or
“my kind”
Wisdom
Presumption –
Disdain
8. Integrity vs. Despair
 begins sometime around retirement, after the
kids have gone, say somewhere around 60
 Rocking chair stage

58. Despair
- a detachment from society, from a sense of
usefulness, for most people in our culture.
- is a sense of biological uselessness, as the
body no longer does everything it used to.
- Women go through a sometimes dramatic
menopause and illnesses of old age.
- Along with the illnesses come concerns of
death. Friends die. Relatives die. One's
spouse dies.

59. Despair
- Preoccupation with the past (Retrospection)
- We find some older people become
depressed, spiteful, paranoid,
hypochondriacal, or developing the patterns
of senility with or without physical bases.

60. Ego Integrity
- coming to terms with your life, and thereby
coming to terms with the end of life.
- .If you are able to look back and accept the
course of events, the choices made, your life
as you lived it, as being necessary, then you
need not fear death.

61. • Presumption
• This is what happens when a
person "presumes" ego
integrity without actually
facing the difficulties of old
age.
Maladaptive
Tendency
• Disdain
• by which Erikson means a contempt of
life, one's own or anyone's.
Malignant
Tendency

62. “You know what that reflects? Unsatisfied
lives. Unfulfilled lives. Lives that haven’t
found meaning. Because if you’ve found
meaning in your life, you don’t want to go
back. You want to go forward. You want to
see more, do more. You can’t wait until
sixty-five.”
-Morrie Schwartz
Tuesdays with Morrie

63. What if you successfully
negotiate in this stage?
Psychosocial Virtue: “Wisdom”
-. He calls it a gift to children, because "healthy
children will not fear life if their elders have
integrity enough not to fear death."

65. Erikson believed that healthy personality
development is based on a sensible balance between
positive and negative disposition at each crisis stage.
Erikson's psychosocial theory basically asserts that
people experience eight 'psychosocial crisis stages'
which significantly affect each person's
development and personality.

66. Value of the theory
More importantly, Erik Erikson’s theory of
Psychosocial development provide answers for
practical application.

69. Question # 1
What is the basis of Erik Erikson’s theory?
Question # 2
It is the worse of the two & involves too little of the
positive and too much of the negative aspect of the
task.
Question # 3
It refers to the conscious sense of self that we
develop through social interaction and is constantly
changing due to new experiences we acquire.

70. Question # 4
When an adolescent is confronted by identity
diffusion (role confusion), Erikson says he or she is
suffering from ____________________?
Question # 5
TRUE or FALSE?
The malignant tendency of narrow virtuosity is
characterized by over suspiciousness, depression,
paranoia, insecurity and possibly psychosis.

71. Question # 6
Anne, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each
morning for school, even though she generally selects
mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her
shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to
dress Anne or fix her outfit, Anne brushes her mother
off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of
psychosocial development best describes Anne’s
behavior?

72. Question # 7
Stella is a 42 year-old woman who feels
depressed. She was the one whose
daughter is happily married and her son
is away at college. She now feels alone
and unfulfilled in a boring marriage and
a lonely house. What is the psycho-
social crisis this woman ought to be
facing at her present age?

73. Question # 8
Eight-year old Chu Ming has a difficult time making
friends at school. She has trouble completing her
schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result,
receives little positive feedback from her teacher and
parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this
stage of development results in _____________?
oA. A sense of guilt
oB. A poor sense of self
oC. Feelings of inferiority
oD. Mistrust

74. Question # 9
The central conflict in the eighth stage of Erikson’s
theory focuses on integrity vs. despair and involves
reflecting back on your life. According to Erikson,
those who are successful in this stage emerge with
______________.
oA. hope
oB. fidelity
oC. purpose
oD. wisdom

75. Question # 10
The central theme of Erikson’s
theory of psychosocial stages was
the development of:
oA. Personality
oB. Ego identity
oC. Psychosocial conflict
oD. Social status