Soil

1. THE FOUR MAJOR KINDS OF SOIL
Created By Gita Deonaraine-Sahadeo

2. SOIL TEXTURE
Texture refers to the size of the particles that
make up the soil.
The terms sand, silt, and clay refer to relative
sizes of the soil particles and are what make up
soil.
Pick up a pinch of soil between your fingers, and
rub it back and forth. You will quickly notice that
the soil is made up of a many different sized
particles. These particles give the soil its texture.
Other kinds of soils , such as Loam, have an equal
balance between small and large particles. These
well balanced soils are the most healthy for plant
life.
A clay loam texture soil, for example, has nearly
equal parts of sand, slit, and clay.

3. COMPARING THE SOIL PARTICLES

4. SOIL COLOR
The most obvious property when looking at soil is its
color.
The color of soil can tell us a lot about it. Most of these
are shades of black, brown, red, gray, and white.
Generally speaking, the darker a soil is, the more
nutrient rich it is. The darker color often indicates an
increase in decomposed organic matter known as
humus.

5. SOIL STRUCTURE
Soil structure is the arrangement of soil particles
into small clumps, called peds or aggregates.
Soil particles (sand, silt, clay) bind together to
form peds.
Depending on how the peds formed (by getting
wet and drying out, or freezing and thawing, foot
traffic, farming, etc.), the ped has a specific shape.
They could be granular (like gardening soil),
blocky, columnar, platy, massive (like modeling
clay) or single-grained (like beach sand).
Structure correlates to the pore space in the soil
which influences root growth and air and water
movement.

7. Clayey Soil
• Texture: Clay, being the smaller size of particles, feels
sticky.
• Color: Depends on the chemical composition of the clay.
Clay soils can be any shade of yellow to brown to red
depending on the dominant minerals.
• Structure: Clay is formed by small particles. It has flat
flakes that fit snugly together, creating a dense mass,
some considered to be "sticky". Because it is tightly
packed, it is less soluble; water runs off instead of soaking
in. When dried, it makes hard clods.

8. Sandy Soil
• Texture: Sand, being the larger size of particles,
feels gritty or grainy.
• Color: Sandy soil is lighter in color than other
soil. It can looked like light brown, white, or
light gray & depending on the minerals in it, it
may have some other colors in it like red ...if it
has oxidized iron in it.
• Structure: No structure because it is loosely
packed and lacks the ability to stick together.

9. Silt Soil
• Texture: Silt soil is finer than sand, and feels smooth
and silky
• Color: Usually a brown to black in color.
• Structure: Silt soil is similar to loam soil but contains
smaller ratios of both sand and clay particles.
*Silt soil retains water well but may drain slowly
depending on the exact clay-silt-sand ratio. Because of
this, gardeners usually amend silt soil, mixing in
mulches, fertilizers, drainage assistance particles, such
as sand, or other soil additives to solve drainage issues
and provide the proper growth medium for most plants.

10. Loamy Soil
• Texture: Loams are gritty, moist, and retain water easily.
• Color: Loam soil has the color of black or dark brown.
• Structure: Loam is soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in
relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20%
concentration respectively).
*Loam soils generally contain more nutrients and humus than
sandy soils, have better infiltration and drainage than silty
soils, and are easier to till than clay soils and is considered to
be the most desirable medium for growing crops and many
types of plants.