2017 Global Agricultural Productivity Report (GAP Report) with notes
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This version of the 2017 Global Agricultural Productivity Report presentation includes notes for each slide.
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2017 Global Agricultural Productivity Report (GAP Report) with notes
- 2. MEMBER COMPANIES CONSULTATIVE PARTNERS
- 3. A World of Productive Sustainable Agriculture #GAPReport
- 5. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE? Satisfies human needs Enhances environmental quality and the natural resource base Sustains the economic vitality of food and agriculture systems Improves the lives of producers and society as a whole
- 6. SUSTAINABLE GROWTH Sustainable growth meets the needs of the present while enabling future generations to meet their own needs. -United Nations Improving productivity helps farmers manage risk and builds their capacity to balance current demands with future needs.
- 7. SUSTAINABLE GROWTH Improving productivity helps farmers manage risk and builds their capacity to balance current demands with future needs.
- 8. PRODUCTIVITY IS DIFFERENT FROM… OUTPUT GROSS AMOUNT OF CROPS OR LIVESTOCK PRODUCED YIELD AMOUT OF OUTPUT PER UNIT OF PRODUCTION
- 9. TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES CHANGES IN THE EFFICIENCY INTO OUTPUTS ARE TRANSFORMED WITH WHICH INPUTS
- 10. WHY PRODUCTIVITY? TFP is an indicator of INNOVATION ADOPTION TFP is an indicator of SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE
- 11. SUSTAINABLY MEETING INDIA’S MILK DEMAND 54% of the increase in global milk demand over the next 10 years will be in India India will need an additional 56 million gallons of milk to meet demand
- 12. SUSTAINABLY MEETING INDIA’S MILK DEMAND
- 13. STRATEGIES FOR MEETING GLOBAL DEMAND LAND EXPANSION INTENSIFICATION OF INPUTS EXTEND IRRIGATION PRODUCTIVITY
- 14. GLOBAL SOURCES OF GROWTH IN AG OUTPUT
- 15. SOURCES OF GROWTH IN AG OUTPUT HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES
- 16. SOURCES OF GROWTH IN AG OUTPUT LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
- 18. FOOD DEMAND GAP 2030
- 20. CONSUMERS CONSIDERATIONS How do I ensure my food is safe and nutritious? I like convenience and selection, but price is important too. What is the environmental impact of the food I eat?
- 22. Improved crop genetics, including biotechnology & new gene-editing technologies Mechanization and precision agriculture systems No-till system of cropping Improved pork genetics and health products, care practices PRODUCTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND TECHNOLOGIES
- 23. JERRY AND EMMA’S SUSTAINABILITY IMPERATIVE Diversify with multiple crops and quality pork products Rotate crops and plant cover crops Invest in new barns and adopt best-care practices Advance new trade opportunities Connect with consumers
- 24. PARTNERSHIPS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Advanced Seed Breeding 4R Nutrient Stewardship 4R Advocates Soil Health Partnership Precision Agriculture
- 25. PARTNERSHIPS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Animal Care and Reducing Emissions Animal-Use-Only Antibiotics
- 27. PRODUCTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND TECHNOLOGIES Bt Cotton Radio Extension Programs Drip Irrigation Diversification
- 28. Access to Finance Mechanization Climate Change Storage and Marketing KRISHNAAND GITA’S SUSTAINABILITY IMPERATIVE
- 29. PARTNERSHIPS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Balanced Crop Nutrition & Water ManagementMechanized Rice Farming Mobile Digital Platforms for Agronomic & Market Advice Transforming Higher Education
- 31. PRODUCTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND TECHNOLOGIES Improved barn and milking area Co-operative member Nutritious fodder Veterinary services
- 32. Inconsistent payments Insufficient cold storage Animal disease Additional research and partnerships ESTER AND DALMANI’S SUSTAINABILITY IMPERATIVE
- 33. PARTNERSHIPS FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Collaborative Research for Africa Access to Veterinary Care and Medicine Dairy Market Development
- 34. Minh and Trang Vietnam Rice, Shrimp and Corn Doña Rosa and Don Julio Colombia Silvopastoral System
- 35. POLICIES FOR PRODUCTIVE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Notas del editor
- The 2017 GAP Report explores the many challenges farmers around the world face and how they seek to surmount them. Producers and consumers want food and agriculture products that are safe, nutritious and affordable, and are produced in ways that deliver economic, health and environmental benefits for families and communities. We have three goals with this year’s report: First is to update GHI’s annual GAP Index which tracks global and regional agricultural productivity growth. Second is to explore the relationship between agricultural productivity and sustainable agriculture and food systems. Third, we want to bring this big ideas “productivity” and “sustainable” to a human level and understand how farmer and consumers experience them.
- Our agriculture and food systems are facing significant challenges. Volatile agricultural business cycles make it difficult for farmers to manage risk and plan for the future. Conflict is disrupting agricultural production and generating widespread human suffering. Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events that destroy rural livelihoods and disrupt food production. Hunger is on the rise again and millions around the world are struggling with malnutrition and obesity. It is imperative that we work together to meet these challenges so that we can produce sufficient food, feed fiber and biofuel for nearly 10 billion people in 2050…and we must do so sustainably.
- In the GAP Report, we say that sustainable agriculture has four components. It… Satisfies human needs. Enhances environmental quality Sustains the economic vitality of food and agriculture systems And improves the lives of people in the agricultural value chain and society as a whole
- We need food and agriculture systems that meet the needs we have today, while enabling future generations to meet their own needs. No one understands this delicate balance better than farmers. It informs their decisions about what they produce, how much they produce, where they invest and how they conserve.
- Improving productivity can help farmers manage some of the risks they face and strengthens their capacity to balance current and future needs.
- When we say we want to increase agricultural productivity, we are not talking about just producing more. Productivity is distinct from output, which refers to the gross amount of crops or livestock produced. It is also different that yield, which measure the amount of output per unit of production – usually land.
- Productivity in agriculture – which we measure as Total Factor Productivity – Tracks the changes in how efficiently agricultural inputs are transformed into outputs. So TFP increases when more crops are produced, but the amount of land, labor and fertilizer used remains constant. With improved animal care practices, dairy cows can produce more milk. The is also an increase in TFP.
- Why is important to track agricultural productivity growth? TFP can serve as an indicator how well agricultural innovations are being adopted. An increase in TFP could tell us that more farmers have access to high-yield seeds so they can produce more on the same amount of land. It could also indicate that farmers are using their inputs more efficiently. By using good nutrient management practices, they can produce more with the same amount of fertilizer. Since TFP tracks how efficiently we are transforming inputs, like land, into agricultural outputs – it can shed light on the sustainability of our food and agriculture systems and help us track the improvements we are making. This is particularly important as we work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals – many of which relate to agriculture.
- Here is a great example of the relationship between increasing demand – productivity and sustainability. Investments in India’s dairy sector have made the it the world’s largest milk producer. But as you can see, demand for milk in India is skyrocketing so farmers need figure out how to increase their output in response.
- India already has 90 million diary cows and buffalo. Simply adding more animals to meet the demand is not an environmentally sustainable solution. Focusing on increasing the productivity of India’s dairy cattle, allows us to address both challenges – increasing output to meet rising demand, but doing it in a way that minimizes the environmental impacts of milk production.
- Demand for agriculture and food products is increasing around the world and farmers use a number of strategies to increase their output to meet demand. They can open new lands for agricultural production, the extend irrigation into new areas, the increase the amount of of agricultural inputs they apply on existing land. Or we they can increase their productivity.
- Here we can see how each of these different strategies have contributed to agricultural output over time. The Green Revolution in the 1960s brought high-yielding seeds and other inputs to millions of farmers. Indicated by the orange bar. As farmers began using these inputs more efficiently, then productivity becomes the driving force of agricultural output- as you can see with the green bar.
- In high-income countries, all agricultural output can be attributed to increases in productivity. At the same time, land and labor have been taken out of agricultural production and put into conservation or to other productive uses. Widespread adoption of agricultural technologies and improved practices has enabled farmers to increase their output while controlling costs and improving the sustainability and resilience of their farms.
- Low income countries have seen significant growth in productivity and agricultural output. Nevertheless, opening up new land for agricultural production is still the primary source of output in these countries (as you can see from the red bar.) While some land is suitable for agricultural expansion, greater productivity on existing cultivated land needs to be prioritized if we are improve agricultural sustainability.
- GHI has estimated that to sustainably meet the demands of 2050, agricultural productivity must grown by an average rate of 1.75 percent each year. For the fourth year in a row, we have been below that target. While the difference may seem small, it widens over time. We are particularly concerned about the rate of productivity growth in low income countries. Over the last three years, the rate of TFP growth in low income countries has declined and unless this trend is reversed, we will struggle to meet many of the SDG targets including those for food security, nutritious, water quality and poverty reduction.
- We do not need to wait until 2050 to see the impacts of low productivity growth on food security. At current rates of TFP growth, sub-Saharan African will only meet 8 percent of its food demand through productivity growth. Some of the of food demand gap will be filled using less sustainable food production methods - including opening up new land for agricultural. Some of the demand gap will be filled through trade with other regions of the world. And for many people, the food demand will not be met and they will struggle with hunger and malnutrition. 2050 may seem a long way off, but to meet the needs of tomorrow, we must address these challenges today.
- Thankfully, farmers have remarkable capacities for adaptation and innovation..
- Consumers have significant influence over our food and agriculture systems. Demand for livestock and other high-value foods is rising globally. A growing number of consumers want food that is sustainably produced, but may not have a clear understanding of what makes something “sustainable.” Many consumers are concerned about the safety, price and availability of nutritious food. Yet the number of people struggling with hunger, malnutrition and obesity is again on the rise. Meeting the needs of nearly 10 billion people by 2050 presents both a challenge and an opportunity for farmers around the world.
- Jerry is a row crop farmer in the U.S. Midwest. He grows alfalfa, corn, oats and soybeans, along with cover crops. His daughter Emma graduated from a state agricultural university. She is developing their family’s pork production business, while preparing to manage the entire farm after Jerry retires.
- Today Jerry’s farm benefits from decades of collaborative research between federal and state government, and agro-industry partners. Public and private research into crop genetics have boosted the yield of Jerry’s corn, soybeans, alfalfa and oats. Mechanization and the adoption of precision agriculture systems help him use seeds, crop nutrients and crop protection products in a no-till system. This helps him grow more and improve soil health, while using less fuel and labor. Agricultural research has enabled Emma’s pigs to produce more meat per animal, improving each pig’s productivity as well as protecting the health of her pigs with better feed and care practices.
- While Jerry and Emma have been successful so far, they face uncertainty in the future. Jerry has managed risks by diversifying his farm, and by improving the quality of his crops and pork business while also cutting costs. His focus now is on restorative farming practices to improve the soil and water quality on his farm and reduce risk so his business remains stable. Jerry rotates his crops, plants cover crops, uses best practices for crop nutrient application and has installed saturated buffers in his fields to protect water quality. He has also placed less productive, erodible land into conservation. Emma has stabilized her income by becoming a contract grower for a pork production company, and has invested in a new state-of-the-art barn that includes group housing for the pigs. Much of the pork, corn and soybeans grown on their farm are exported. Jerry and Emma face uncertainty over future market access to Mexico, Japan and Canada, top markets for their products. Ensuring that trade agreements allow fair market access is essential to their farm’s success. They also seek to bridge the information gap with consumers, particularly people in urban markets who care about what they eat, but have a limited understanding of how food is produced. Emma wants consumers to know how she manages her pork production business, so she creates a live weekly web chat from her barn and interacts with consumers at the local farmer’s market.
- The GAP Report highlights how partnerships between public and private-sectors, along with farmers and conservation organizations are improving the productivity and sustainability of agriculture. The stories include~ DuPont’s research to develop new higher-yield, gene-edited products for farmers to diversify the crops they grow; The Soil Health Partnership, supported by Monsanto and other partners, in which farmers test and learn on demonstration farms about how to boost soil health; Farmers and retailers work together in the 4R Nutrient Stewardship Certification Program to apply best crop nutrient practices, keeping fertilizer in the crops and soils and out of streams. These partnerships are supported by The Mosaic Company and Mosaic Company Foundation and other partners like the Nature Conservancy; Examples of how machinery and software developed by John Deere bring the benefits of precision agriculture, to farmers like Jerry, improving his soil management and crop production.
- The report also shows how livestock well-being and health are foundational to the farming systems of the future. Companies such as Smithfield requires their contract farmers to abide by best animal-care practices, including the installation of group housing systems for pregnant sows. Smithfield also works with its feed supply chain to help farmers use best crop production practices lowering the greenhouse gas emissions of their pork production. Elanco Animal Health helps livestock farmers focus on keeping their animals healthy during their entire life-cycle, as well as during particularly vulnerable times, such as the weaning phase. Elanco’s investment in research and development for animal-use-only antibiotics prescribed by veterinarians reduces the incidence and severity of disease. Keeping pigs healthy also makes better use of all resources throughout the livestock value chain, while reducing unnecessary loss and waste.
- The GAP Report also provides insight into a farming family in India. Krishna and Gita own a five-hectare farm in Northern India’s cotton belt. His wife Gita has developed her own business selling tomatoes at the local market.
- Like most of India’s cotton farmers, Krisha plants Bt cotton seeds which contain a protein that is toxic to bollworm, a pest that can destroy cotton crops. According to independent studies, Indian farmers planting Bt cotton have increased their profitability by 85 percent and reduced their food insecurity by15 to 20 percent,. Through radio agricultural extension programs, Krishna learned about leveling his fields to prevent erosion. He received a grant to install a drip irrigation system, which gives him enough water for two cotton rotations, even when the monsoon rains are low. To diversify the family’s income, Gita grows tomatoes to sell to traders and local markets. She received training on the proper use of nutrients and crop protection so she can grow the quality of tomatoes that bring the best prices.
- Krishna would like to expand his farm but financing is a challenge. Without affordable finance, many emerging farmers struggle to access mechanization. For them, family and hired labor is cheaper, even if it is less efficient. Drip irrigation system and drought -tolerant seed traits enable Krishna to withstand dry seasons, but the number of dangerously hot days is increasing. By the end of the century, the mean summer temperature in India could increase by 5 degrees Celsius, causing agricultural productivity to decline by 25 to 50 percent. Small-scale farms in India will be especially vulnerable. Gita would like to expand her tomato business, but does not have storage on her farm. She must deliver the tomatoes to market as soon as she harvests them and must accept the price that the trader offers to her.
- The GAP Report highlights partnerships and investments in India that are helping farmers improve their productivity and sustainability. The Mosaic Villages Project is a collaboration between The Mosaic Company, its foundation and the S M Sehgal Foundation. It provides agronomic training in balanced crop nutrition and water management to 26,000 farmers in 60 remote villages. The average income has grown as much as $90 per acre and the communities are using a portion of their additional income to improve their schools. John Deere India helps small-scale rice farmers in Tamil Nadu transition to an integrated mechanized approach that saves time and labor while improving rice yields and incomes. Participating farmers have seen cost reductions and yields have increased by 40 percent per acre. John Deere also invests in the community schools and skills development classes for adults. Monsanto’s FarmRise Mobile Farm Care program is a mobile digital platform used by 4 million farmers growing maize, cotton and vegetables. The service is free and available to any farmer. Through their mobile phone they can contact a trained expert that speaks their local language. The World Bank is making an $85 million investment to transform India’s agricultural university system and builds human and institutional capacity.
- Ester is a successful dairy farmer in western Kenya, home to 47 percent of the country’s dairy production. She is a medium-scale producer with 15 head of cattle producing 105 liters of milk per day. Her daughter, Dalmani, is studying agriculture and seed science at the university, focusing on dryland crops.
- Ester is a member of the local women’s dairy co-operative. With financing she received through the co-operative, she improved her cowshed and created dedicated milking and feeding stations. She also accesses veterinary and insemination services through the co-operative. To ensure that her cattle have nutritious fodder, Ester grows brachiaria grass, developed through research at the Center for International Tropical Agriculture, or CIAT [SEE – OTT]. These grasses are easy for cattle to digest which improves their milk productivity and reduces the amount of methane they produce. Dalmani is studying how sorghum and millet can be improved to increase their resistance to heat and disease, and how these crops can be biofortified with essential nutrients to improve nutrition.
- Ester faces several challenges to improving the productivity and sustainability of her farm. The co-operative does not have enough cold storage for all the milk it receives, so some of the milk Ester sends to the co-operative is lost before it is processed and sold. She is also concerned that her cattle will be exposed to zoonotic diseases, which are endemic in areas near her community. Inspired by her mother’s success, Dalmani wants to help women farmers succeed. She would like to see additional investment in research and development, and more public private partnerships to bring new technologies to farmers.
- Public and private partnerships in Kenya and across Africa are advancing productivity and sustainability. DuPont’s Africa Regional Technology Hub is accelerating the development of seed products that meet the specific needs of African farmers and comply with government regulations in the region. DuPont’s Advanced Maize Seed Adoption program has helped 250,000 Ethiopian farmers access improved maize seed, agronomic training, postharvest storage and markets for their maize. Elanco is partnering with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation on the East African Growth Accelerator, which helps small-scale farmers in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda improve the health and productivity of their poultry and cattle. The East African Dairy Development Project aims to provide sustainable livelihoods and food security for one million dairy farmers in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania by 2018. .
- The GAP Report also shares the stories of farmer challenge and success in Vietnam and in Colombia. We hope that you take the time to learn more about the stories of Minh and Trang, who produce rice, shrimp and corn in Vietnam, and Dona Rosa and Don Julio, who live in a rural region of Colombia and who are transitioning their ranch to a silvopastoral system for meat and milk production.
- Finally, the GAP Report lays out a call to a action for effective public policies that improve agriculture. Each farmer story contains public policy recommendations for the USA, India, Kenya, Vietnam and Colombia that will advance sustainable, productive agriculture. GHI has identified five strategic policy goals: Invest in Public Agricultural Research, Development and Extension Embrace Science-based and Information Technologies Enhance Private Sector Involvement in Agriculture and Infrastructure Development Cultivate Partnerships for Sustainable Agriculture and Improved Nutrition and Foster Capacity for Regional and Global Agricultural Trade