2. Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:
Formulate a personal definition of globalization;
Differentiate competing conceptions of globalization
Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization
Agree on a working definition of globalization for the
course
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
3. GLOBALIZATION
Much has changed since time immemorial.
The reality and omnipresence of makes us
see ourselves as part of what we refer to as
the “global age” (Albrow, 1996). age”
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
5. CONCEPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization in terms of global
interdependence started centuries ago (Toffler,
1981).
James & Steger (2014) it is an extraordinary
and complicated concept that was rarely used
until the 1990s but with the processes that had
been happening for centuries.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
7. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
“process of world shrinkage, of distances
getting shorter, things moving closer. It
pertains to the increasing ease with which
somebody on one side of the world
interact, to mutual benefit with somebody
on the other side of the world” (Thomas
Larsson, 2001).
“Globalization as colonization” (Martin
Khor, mid 1990’s).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
8. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
“glocalization the simultaneity - the co-
presence - of both universalizing and
particularizing tendencies” (Roland
Robertson, 1980).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
9. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
“globalization is a transplanetary process
or a set of processes involving increasing
liquidity & the growing multidirectional
flows of people, objects, places, and
information as well as the structures they
encounter and create that are barriers to, or
expedite, those flows…” (Ritzer, 2015).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
10. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Webster dictionary 1961:
1. broad and inclusive
“…globalization means the onset of the
borderless world…” (Ohmae 1992).
2. Narrow and exclusive
“the characteristics of globalization trend include
the internationalizing of production, the new
international division of labor, new mingratry
movements of the South to North, the new competitive
environment that accelerate these processes, & the
internationalizing of the state… making states into
agencies of the globalizing world” (Rawoo NDARC,2000)
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
11. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
1) Perspective of the person
2) To paraphrase the sociologist Cesare
Poppi: Globalization is the debate and the
debate is globalization.
3) Globalization is reality
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
12. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies and
governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment, on
culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being on societies around the
world (Globalization 101,”n.d.).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
13. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
For Aljun Apparudai, globalization occurs on
multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls “scapes”.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
14. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
1. Ethnoscape - refers to global movement of
people
Organizations such as Red Cross respond
quicker to disasters around the world.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
15. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
2. Mediascape - refers to flow of media across
border
Greek culture spread across Africa, Europe and
Asia through Alexander the Great. This is the
reason there are cities named Alexander in Africa,
Egypt and in Turkey.
Christian missionaries from Europe added to the
globalization of Christianity.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
16. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
3. Technoscape - refers to circulation of
mechanical goods and software
Smartphones connect people all over the
world like never before. Around 60% of all
people in the world use smartphones.
Environmental cooperation has spread to help
chlorofluorocarbon emissions to flow the
depletion of the ozone.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
17. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting dimensions
of integration that he calls “scapes”.
4. Financescape – denotes the global circulation of
money or in the economy
Outsourcing can add the economic development of a
struggling country, bringing much needed jobs.
Some automobiles use parts from other countries, as
in car being assembled in the Philippines with the
parts coming from Japan, Korea, or Germany.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
18. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
ForAljunApparudai, globalization occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”.
5. Ideoscape – refers to realm where political ideas
moved around
The Free World Trade Organization supervises
world trade.
The European Union is an economic and
political union of 28 countries that are located
primarily in Europe.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
19. EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION
IN VARIOUS ASPECTS
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
20. GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
Multinational corporations operate on a global
scale, with satellite offices and branches in
numerous locations.
Outsourcing can add to the economic
development of a struggling country, bringing
much needed jobs.
Some automobiles use parts from other
countries
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
21. GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
The Free World Trade Organization supervises
world trade.
The European Union is an economic and
political union of 28 countries that are located
primarily in Europe.
A dress with design inspired by the culture of
Africa, made in South Korea, and sold in New
York
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
22. GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS
A bag made in China, sold in America, and
brought to the Philippines as souvenir to
expectant relatives.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
23. GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF
CULTURES
Greek culture spread across Africa, Europe
and Asia through Alexander the Great.
The Silk Road was a trade route between
China and the Mediterranean Sea area and it
allowed the exchange of not only goods, but
culture and knowledge.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
24. GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF
CULTURES
Christian missionaries from Europe added to
the globalization of Christianity.
Colonization all over the world was a major
cause of globalization.
Improved travel facilitated the growth of
globalization.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
25. GLOBALIZATION IN THE BLENDING OF
CULTURES
Food is one factor of globalization.
Satellite television allows shows from one
country to be broadcast in many others,
adding to cultural globalization.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
26. GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY
The Internet is a major contributor to
globalization.
Global news networks, like CNN, contribute to
the spread of knowledge.
Cell phones connect people all over the world
like never before.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
27. GLOBALIZATION IN TECHNOLOGY
Military cooperation between countries adds to
globalization.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
28. OTHER EXAMPLES OF
GLOBALIZATION
The Olympics began in ancient Greece and
continue today.
The FIFA World Cup has more viewers than
any other sporting event from around the
world.
Travel and tourism allows globalization of
many things.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
29. OTHER EXAMPLES OF
GLOBALIZATION
The United Nations is an intergovernmental
organization that promotes cooperation in
many areas.
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
31. SOLID and LIQUID
Solidity. It refers to barriers that prevent or
make difficult in the movement of things.
Solids can be natural or man-made.
Liquidity. It refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information,
and places in the contemporary world.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant
interaction.
32. SOLID and LIQUID
Liquidity. It refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information,
and places in the contemporary world.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant
interaction.
The most characteristic of liquid – it tends
to melt whatever stands in its path
(especially solid).
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
33. FLOWS
Flows. It refers to the movement of people,
things, places, and information brought by
the growing “porosity” of global limitations
(Ritzer, 2015.)
“In global finance system, national borders
are porous.” -- Landler, 2008
flows in present time: poor illegal
migrants, virtual flow of legal & illegal info.,
34. FLOWS
Flows. It refers to the movement of people, things,
places, and information brought by the growing
“porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015.)
“In global finance system, national borders are
porous.” -- Landler, 2008
flows in present time: poor illegal
migrants, virtual flow of legal & illegal info.,
immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in
host countries.
36. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is inevitable (Pavit and Patel,
1999).
Globalization of Nothing by Ritzer 2003
“attitudes towards globalization depend,
among other things, on whether one gains
or losses from it.”
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
37. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
Depending on what is globalized , a different
dynamic may emerge. So while it is important
to ask “What is globalization?” it is likewise
important to ask “What is/are being
globalized?”
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
38. References
Abraham, R., Jas, F., Russell, W. (2005) The Web Empowerment Book: An Introduction and
Connection Guide to the Internet and the World-Wide Web. Springer-Verlag New York
Evolution of the web retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-10-to-
web30-evolution-of-the-web-and-its-various-challenges
Types of websites retrieved from https://www.hostgator.com/blog/popular-types-
websitescreate/
Subhash Basishtha Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 – Evolution of the Web and its Various Challenges.
Retrieved from https://slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-and-its-various-challenges
Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/internet
Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.comentum.com/internet-
terms.html
Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.lifewire.com/top-internet-terms-
forbeginners-2483381
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/isp.asp
https://www.chartercollege.edu/news-hub/how-servers-work-not-complicated-you-think
Module 1: Distinguishing Different Interpretations of and Approaches to Globalization
Notas del editor
Much has changed since time immemorial (originating in the distant past; very old). Human beings have encountered many changes over the last century especially in their social relationships and social structures. Of these changes, one can say that globalization is a very important change, if not the “most important” (bauman, 2003).
The reality and omnipresence of globalization (the state of being widespread or constantly encountered, refer to the quality of being everywhere) makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the “global age” according to Albrow 1996. “Global age” refers to a period of time when there is a prevailing sense of the interconnectedness of all human beings, of a common fate for the human species and of a threat to its life on this Earth.
The Internet for example, allows a person from the Philippines to know what is happening to the rest of the world simply by browsing Google. The mass media ( technology that is intended to reach a mass audience like radio, smartphone, smart TV etc.) also allows for connections among people, communities, and countries all over the globe.
This question is probably an easy one to answer. However, many scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views about the concept (some nega and pos). It cannot be contained within a specific time frame, all people, and all instututions (Al-Rhodan, 2006). Aside from this, globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture. Social cultures therefore, are directly affected by globalization.
To understand the concept , different definitions of globalization will be discussed. There are metaphors and scapes are to be discussed to further understand the concept.
First: Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress, development and integration. On the other hand, some view globalization as a positive phenomenon. For instance, Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization as the “process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world.”
On the other hand, some see it negatively or as occurring through and with regression, colonialism, and destabilization. In the mid 1990’s, Martin Khor. The former president of Third World Network (TWN) in Malaysia, once regarded globalization as colonization.
The concept of globalization and the interpretation of what are conventionally called global and local, or in a move abstract vein – the universal and the particular as stated by Robertson in year 1995. On 1980, Roland Robertson, a British sociologist introduced “glocalization” defining as “the simultaneity - the co-presence - of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies. Coined the two words… ask them… after … it means a global outlook adopted to local conditions. When applied to a product or service, this means the adaptation of globally marketed products and services into local markets.
(READ SLIDE FIRST)
Generally this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both integration and/or fragmentation. Although things flow easily in global world, hindrances or structural blocks are also present. These blocks slow down one's activity in another country or could even limit the places a person can visit.
If so, why we are going to spend time studying this concept? How can we appreciate these definitions? How can these help us understand globalization? Next slide
Read
Read
2. Debate is a process that involves formal discourse on a particular topic. In a debate, arguments are put forward for often opposing viewpoints. Debates have historically occurred in public meetings, academic institutions, debate halls, coffeehouses, competitions, and legislative assemblies.[1] It is a formal type of discussion, and often includes a moderator along with an audience. After read…
3 read
FIRST: Many other authors have attempted to define globalization but the most comprehensive is captured in the following lines in your screen. Read definition. Globalization as a concept connected wit the way we view our place and the meaning of this planet. However, it is more than this, for it also describe processes which steer the policies of nation-states which directly impact upon various significant institution.
Some scholar have some therefore, found it simpler to avoid talking about globalization as a whole. Instead, they want to discuss “multiple globalization,” instead of just one process.
As we have already established, globalization refers to the increasing pace and scope of interconnections crisscrossing the globe. Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai has discussed this in terms of five specific “scapes” or flows: ethnoscapes, technoscapes, ideoscapes, financescapes, and mediascapes. Thinking of globalization in terms of the people, things, and ideas that flow across national boundaries is a productive framework for understanding the shifting social landscapes in which contemporary people are often embedded in their daily lives. Questions about where people migrate, their reasons for migration, the pace at which they travel, the ways their lives change as a result of their travels, and how their original communities change can all be addressed within this framework. Questions about goods and ideas that travel without the accompaniment of human agents can also be answered using Appadurai’s notion of scapes.
The ethnoscape refers to human migration, the flow of people across boundaries. This includes migrants, refugees, exiles, and tourists, among other moving individuals and groups, all of whom appear to affect the politics of (and between) nations to a considerable degree.
Tourism typically puts people from developed parts of the world in contact with people in the developing world, which creates both opportunities and challenges for all involved. While there is the potential for tourists to be positively affected by their experiences with “the Other” while travelling, the tourism industry has also received its share of criticisms. Individuals from wealthier countries like the U.S., even if they are not wealthy themselves by the standards of the United States, are able to indulge in luxuries while traveling abroad in poorer nations like those found in the Caribbean. There is a fine line between a) tourists expecting service while on vacation and b) tourists treating local people like servants. This latter scenario exemplifies the unequal power relationships that develop in these kinds of situations, and such power relationships concern responsible social scientists.[9]
Mediascape refers to the flow of media across borders. In earlier historic periods, it could take weeks or even months for entertainment and education content to travel from one location to another. From the telegraph to the telephone, and now the Internet (and myriad other digital communication technologies), media are far more easily and rapidly shared regardless of geographic borders. For example, Brazilian telenovelas may provide entertainment on long-distance African bus trips, Bollywood films are shown in Canadian cinemas, and people from around the world regularly watch mega-events such as the World Cup and the Olympics from wherever they may live. We can all agree that media can significantly impact the flow of information and thus global cultural flow. Depending on how it's used, to whom it's available, and what agenda is being set out, the media can either support or hinder global cultural flow.
Mediascapes, in short, refers to the distribution of electronic technologies, entities, or capabilities which produce information as well as the information they disseminate.
So, which technologies, entities, or capabilities are we talking about exactly? Here are a few examples:
Newspapers
Radio
Cable news
Netflix
Movie studios
YouTube
And what information are we talking about exactly? Well this is any type of information or idea be it in written, audio, video, or still image form (or any combination thereof).
Technoscape refers to flows of technology. Apple’s iPhone is just one example of how the movement of technologies across boundaries can radically affect day-to-day life for people all along the commodity chain. Sales records are surpassed with each release of a new iPhone, with lines of customers spilling out of Apple stores and snaking around the block. Demand for this new product drives a fast and furious pace of production. Workers who are struggling to keep up with demand are subjected to labor conditions most iPhone users would find abhorrent; some even commit suicide as a result. The revenue associated with the production and export of technological goods is drastically altering the international distribution of wealth. As the pace of technological innovation increases, so does the flow of technology. This is not, of course, an entirely new phenomenon; earlier technologies have also drastically and irrevocably changed the human experience. For example, the large-scale production and distribution of the printing press throughout Europe (and beyond) dramatically changed the ways in which people thought of themselves—as members not only of local communities, but of national communities as well.
Financescape refers to the flow of money across political borders. Like the other flows discussed by Appadurai, this phenomenon has been occurring for centuries. The Spanish, for example, conscripted indigenous laborers to mine the silver veins of the Potosí mines of Bolivia. The vast riches extracted from this region were used to pay Spain’s debts in northern Europe. The pace of the global transfer of money has only accelerated and today transactions in the New York Stock Exchange, the Nikkei index, and other such finance hubs have nearly immediate effects on economies around the world.
Ideoscape refers to the flow of ideas. This can be small-scale, such as an individual posting her or his personal views on Facebook for public consumption, or it can be larger and more systematic. Missionaries provide a key example. Christian missionaries to the Amazon region made it their explicit goal to spread their religious doctrines. As the experiences of missionary-turned-anthropologist Daniel Everett show, however, local people do not necessarily interpret the ideas they are brought in the way missionaries expect.[11] In addition to the fact that all people have agency to accept, reject, or adapt the ideologies that are introduced to or imposed on them (see syncretism below). The structure of the language spoken by the Pirahã makes it difficult to provide direct translations of the gospel.[12]
Bullet 3: as in a car being assembled in the Philippines with the parts coming from Japan, Germany, or Korea.
Bullet 1: this is the reason there are cities named for Alexander in Africa, Egypt, and Turkey
Bullet 3: as people moved for a better job, a better life, or fled from danger or oppression.
Bullet 4: one can find people eating sushi in Peru or Indian food in Europe.
Bullet 1: one can find people eating sushi in Peru or Indian food in Europe.
Bullet 1: not only technologically but in other areas as well, like in cultural exchanges of the arts.
Bullet 3: around 60 percent of all people in the world use cell phones.
Bullet 1: such as the Strategic Arms Reduction Treat or anti-terrorism agreement.
Bullet 3: like the exchange of money, cultures, and knowledge.
Bullet 1: including human rights, peace and economic development.
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the states of matter – the solid and liquid – will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are included in the definition such as structures and flows will be elaborated.
Metaphor-
The epochs (an event or a time marked by an event that begins a new period or development) that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information, and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). The social relationships and objects remained where they were created. Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult in the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-made.
Examples of natural solids are
landforms and bodies of water.
Man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall.
An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by the People’s Republic of China in their claim to the South China Sea is an example of modern man-made solid. This creates limited access of Filipino fishers to the South China Sea. Obviously, these examples still exist. However, they have the tendency to melt. This should not be taken literally, like an iceberg melting. Instead, this process involves how we can describe what is happening in today’s global world. It is becoming increasingly liquid.
Liquidity, as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas were the ones that have much to say about the characteristic of liquidity. First, today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization. In global finance, for instance, changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is that their movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos uploaded in YouTube or Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The so-called Internet sensations become famous not only in their homeland but also to the entire world. Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things (Cartier, 2001). The most characteristic of liquid – it tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solid).
The most characteristic of liquid – it tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solid). The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation-state.
The previous slides described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the increase in liquidity. It is only logical to discuss the flows of liquid phenomena. Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). Think of the different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos. Aside from the local dishes, many of us are fond of eating sushi, ramen, hamburger, and French fries – foods introduced to us by foreign cultures. Clearly, foods are being globalized. Another example of flows is global financial crises. As Landler put it: “In global finance system, national borders are porous”. Porous means having small holes that allow air or liquid to pass through: easy to pass or get through. This means that the given country can bring ramifications to other regions of the world. An example of which is the spread of the effects of American financial crisis in Europe in 2008.
The following are other kinds of flows that can be observed today: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world, virtual flow of legal & illegal information such as blogs, sites … child pornography for illegal issues, immigrants recreating ethnic enclaves in host countries. A concrete example is the FFILIPINO COMMUNITIES abroad and the Chinese communities in the Philippines.
Globalization is inevitable. Reason why it is inevitable since globalization is a process by which different parts of the word interact economically, politically, and culturally. Read 2nd bullet sa book…