Targeted audience : 3rd Year Behavioural Sciences Students MBBS or Allied Sciences

1. PERCEPTION Dr Usman Amin Hotiana
Head of Psychiatry Department

2. PERCEPTION

3. OBJECTIVE
STEREOTYPES
FIRST IMPRESSIONS
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
LIFE SKILLS
Examinations Skills

4. A : BPS NPI
B: Ethics
Professionalism
C: Psychology
Principles Biology
D: Sociology
Anthropology
E:
Psychosocial

5. Introducti
on to
Behaviour
al
Sciences
SECTION
A
Holistic
vs
Tradition
al
Allopathi
c
Medicine
s
Health care
models and their
clinical
applications
•Biopsychosocial (BPS)
model of health and
disease
•The integrated model
of health care:
Correlation of body,
Non
pharmacological
interventions in
clinical practice
• Communication Skills
• Counselling
• Informational Care (IC)
• Handling difficult patients
and families
• Breaking bad news
• Crises intervention and
Disaster management

6. SECTION A
Communication Difficult
patients
Biopsychosocial
Informational
Counselling
Breaking bad
news
Conflict
Resolution
Informational
Care
Crises
Intervention
Empathy

7. Medical
ethics and
professional
ism
SECTION B
Relevance of Ethics
in the life of Doctor
• Scope and Meaning of
Medical Ethics
• Guiding Principles of
Medical Ethics
• Common Ethical Issues in
Medical Practice
• Common Ethical
Dilemmas in a Health
Professionals Life
• Doctor Patient
Relationship
Rights and
Responsibilites
of Patients and
Doctors
• Rights of the
patient
• Responsiblities of
the patient
• Rights of the
doctor
• Responsibilities of
the doctor
Psychologic
al reactions
in Doctor
Patient
Relationshi
p
•Social
Bonding
•Dependence

8. SECTION B
Ethics
Principle
Dilemmas
Rights
Responsibility
Transference
Dependence
Professionalism
Knowledge
Skills
Attitudes

10. Role of Psychology in
Medical Practice
• Causes
• Triggering
• Management
• Disability-Stigma
• Reaction to Illness
• Medically Unexplained
Physical Symptoms (MUPS)
Principles of
Psychology
• Learning
• Metacognition
• Memory
• Perception
• Thinking
• Emotions
• Motivation
• Intelligence
• Personality Development
Neurobiological
Basis
• Emotion
• Language
• Memory
• Arousal
• Sleep

11. PERCEPTION
Why do doctors find it difficult to take interest in the
person who has become ill?
The most common explanation is that clinical workloads
do not allow doctors the time to give due attention to
patients.

12. PERCEPTION
Does our desire changes the true objective happening
in our environment ?
Hearing your name being called?
Mirage in a desert (Motivation )
Busy opd . Does more patients can be distracting ? (
Attention)

13. MINIMAL CONDITIONS SOCIAL
CONCEPTS
Role of Subject Role of other Example of stimuli Concept
Observer Fixed pose Photograph Impression
formation
Observer Behaviour sequence Video tape Attribution
Participant Intervention
directed as subject
Other gives subject
command
Social influence
Participant Subject interacts
with others
Discussion, work on
task
Interdependence

14. Attributions : Inferences we make about the causes of others behaviour.
Impression formation: Information about others is converted into more or less
enduring cognitions or thoughts about them.
Cognitive categories, social role, physical, personality trait, occupational role.
Example
What do you relate a person wearing glasses with :
A) intelligence B) timidness C) Honesty D) Humour E) Defective vision

15. Implicit theories
Halo effect
Myth or reality of FIRST IMPRESSION
Stereotypes

16. Implicit theories are “people's basic assumptions about
themselves and their world” (Dweck, 1996, p. 69). ... In
contrast to scientific theories, laypersons' theories
are often implicit in the sense that their holders are not
aware of them and how they affect their behavior.
The halo effect is a type of cognitive bias in which our
overall impression of a person influences how we feel and
think about their character
Stereotype: prejudiced expectations-cognitive
pigeonhole

17. FRITZ HEIDER
How we attempt to understand the meaning of other people behaviour?
Searching until we find a sufficient reason for the observed behaviour.
A sufficient reason is an explanation that makes sense to us, probably
because it corresponds to the content of our cognitive framework.

18. Behaviours usually by personal factors and environmental causes
An attribution that an action stemmed from personal factors will be
made only in cases in which you perceive that another person is able to
perform the action, intends to perform it, and exerts effort to
accomplish it.
Such atributions imply the existence of stable dispositions and
predictability in future.

20. PERCEPTION: BASIC PERCEPTUAL
ABILITIES
Patterns and Constancies
Pattern Perception
Perceptual Constancies
Shape Constancies
Size Constancy
Depth Perception
Binocular Cues
Monocular Cues
Perception of Movement

21. PERCEPTION: ABNORMALITIES OF
PERCEPTION
Illusions
Hallucinations
Extrasensory Perception (ESP )
 Clairvoyance
 Telepathy
 Precognition
 Telekinesis

22. SECTION D: SOCIOLOGY AND
ANTHROPOLOGY

23. Health and
Disease
Assessment
Special
Hospital
Settings
Common
Psychiatric
Disorders in
General
Health
Settings
Gender &
Sexuality
Pain
•Terrorism
•Stress and its
Management

25. During the course of it Augustine raises the following conundrum:
when we say that an event or interval of time is short or long, what is
it that is being described as of short or long duration? It cannot be
what is past, since that has ceased to be, and what is non-existent
cannot presently have any properties, such as being long. But neither
can it be what is present, for the present has no duration. (For the
reason why the present must be regarded as durationless, see the
section on the specious present, below.) In any case, while an event is
still going on, its duration cannot be assessed

26. Augustine’s answer to this riddle is that what we are measuring, when
we measure the duration of an event or interval of time, is in the
memory. From this he derives the radical conclusion that past and
future exist only in the mind. While not following Augustine all the
way to the mind-dependence of other times, we can concede that the
perception of temporal duration is crucially bound up with memory. It
is some feature of our memory of the event (and perhaps specifically
our memory of the beginning and end of the event) that allows us to
form a belief about its duration. This process need not be described,
as Augustine describes it, as a matter of measuring something wholly
in the mind. Arguably, at least, we are measuring the event or interval
itself, a mind-independent item, but doing so by means of some
psychological process.

27. WILLIAM JAMES: SPECIOUS TIME
he term ‘specious present’ was first introduced by the psychologist
E.R. Clay, but the best known characterisation of it was due to William
James, widely regarded as one of the founders of modern psychology.
He lived from 1842 to 1910, and was professor both of psychology
and of philosophy at Harvard. His definition of the specious present
goes as follows: ‘the prototype of all conceived times is the specious
present, the short duration of which we are immediately and
incessantly sensible’ (James 1890). How long is this specious present?
Elsewhere in the same work, James asserts ‘We are constantly aware
of a certain duration—the specious present—varying from a few
seconds to probably not more than a minute, and this duration (with
its content perceived as having one part earlier and another part later)
is the original intuition of time.’ This surprising variation in the length
of the specious present makes one suspect that more than one
definition is hidden in James’ rather vague characterisation.

28. There are two sources of ambiguity here. One is over whether ‘the
specious present’ refers to the object of the experience, namely a
duration in time, or the way in which that object is presented to us.
The second is over how we should interpret ‘immediately sensible’.
James’ words suggest that the specious present is the duration itself,
picked out as the object of a certain kind of experience. But ‘
immediately sensible’admits of a number of disambiguations. So we
could define the specious present as:
the span of short-term memory;
the duration which is perceived, not as duration, but as
instantaneous;
the duration which is directly perceived — i.e. not through the
intermediary of a number of other, perhaps instantaneous,
perceptions;

29. (1) What we perceive, we perceive as present.
(2) We perceive motion.
(3) Motion occurs over an interval.
Therefore: What we perceive as present occurs over an interval.
As Broad (1923) puts it, ‘to see a second-hand moving is quite a different thing from "seeing" that a hour-hand has moved.’ It is not that we see the current position of the second hand and remember where it was a second ago: we ju