1. 1
Occupational
Health &
Hygiene

2. 2
A discipline devoted to
recognising, evaluating and
controlling workplace hazards
that causes illnesses depending
on the nature of the contributing
factors and the resultant
effects.
Industrial Hygiene

3. 3
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomics
Radiation
Workplace hazards

4. 4
Chemical Hazards
Paints, Solvent,Thinners,
Acids, Alkalies
Chemical hazards at work place arise:
Inhalation or Absorption through the
skin Of toxic chemicals.
Toxic chemicals are those chemicals,
which on entering the body, affect the
function of different systems of the
body.

5. 5
Types of Chemical Hazards
1.Dust:
Solid particles generated by handling,
crushing, grinding, impacting, detonation and
breaking apart by heating organic or inorganic
materials.
Rock, Ore, Metal, Coal, Wood and Grain.
Respirable Dust: Particles < 10 microns
can enter into the lungs.
Non-respirable Dust: Particles > 10 microns
Impact and get struck in the upper respiratory
tract and do not enter the lungs.

6. 6
2. Fumes:
Fumes are volatised solids that
condense when they contact air.
Fumes are very small, solid particles
created when hot vapour reacts with
the air to form an oxide. Fumes are
often associated with welding
operations.
Types of Chemical Hazards

7. 7
Types of Chemical Hazards
3. Mists / Aerosols:
Mists / Aerosols are suspended
liquid droplets created when vapour
condenses back to a liquid, or
during splashing and atomising.
Acid mists from electroplating
Oil mist during cutting / grinding
spray mist from spray finishing

8. 8
Types of Chemical Hazards
4.Fibers:
Fibers are solid particles having a
slender, elongated shape several times
as great as their diameter. Examples of
fibers include asbestos, Fiberglass and
fibrous talc. Fibers are commonly found
in construction, mining, friction product
manufacturing and fabrication.

9. 9
Types of Chemical Hazards
5. Gases:
Gases are formless fluids that expand
to occupy the space in where they
are confined.
Gases are commonly formed by arc-
welding and internal combustion engine
exhausts.

10. 10
Types of Chemical Hazards
6.Vapour:
Vapours are volatile forms of
substance that are normally in the
solid or liquid state at room
temperature.
Organic solvents with low boiling points
which form vapours readily at room
temperature.

11. 11
Acute exposures and effects may
result due to accidental massive
leakage.
Chronic effects are due to repeated
exposures to concentrations
exceeding the permissible limits
(TLVs), but well below the levels
needed for acute effects.
Acute and Chronic Effects

12. 12
If man is exposed to different levels of
airborne concentrations of a toxic substance,
up to a certain level, the body does not suffer
from any effect.
When concentration exceeds this level, typical
symptoms start manifesting in a few of the
exposed individuals. This level beyond which
symptoms start appearing, is called the
Threshold Limit Value (TLV).
The TLVs are expressed as parts per million
(ppm) or milligram per cubic metre (mg/m3
).
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)

13. 13
At any work place the concentration of
the toxic chemicals fluctuating during the
shift depending on the process conditions.
The exposure of the worker will be the
average of the concentrations recorded
during the shift. This average
concentration is called as Time Weighted
Average Concentration.
Time Weighted Average Concentration:

14. 14
The time weighted average exposure concept
accepts fluctuations in the concentrations.
So ‘Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)’ has also
been prescribed.
The STEL values may be 1.25 to 8 times the
corresponding TLV’s for different substances.
Short Term Exposure Limits (STEL)

15. 15
Class 3 (Flammable liquids)
Class 4.2 and 4.3 (Spontaneously combustible
chemicals)
Class of Chemical

16. 16
Class 5.1 (Oxidizing chemicals)
.
Class 6.1 (Toxic chemicals)
Class 8 (Corrosive chemicals)

17. 17
Sulphuric Acid
H2SO4

18. 18
Health Hazards H2SO4
Acute -
Swallowed
Can kill if swallowed.
Will cause severe damage to the mucous membranes.
May cause severe burns to the mouth,throat and stomach.
Ingestion can cause nausea and vomiting.
Ingestion can result in abdominal pain.
Acute - Eye Corrosive to eyes; contact can cause corneal burns.
Permanent eye damage,including loss of sight,may occur.
Acute - Skin Highly corrosive to skin.
Causes severe burns.
Acute - Inhaled Harmful by inhalation.
Possible harmful corrosive effects.
High concentrations of vapour can cause severe irritation of the
respiratory tract.

19. 19
First Aid
Swallowed Rinse mouth thoroughly with water immediately.
Give water to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting.
Seek immediate medical assistance.
Eye
Immediately irrigate with copious quantity of water for at least 15
minutes.
Eyelids to be held open.
Seek immediate medical assistance.
Skin
Wash affected areas with copious quantities of water immediately.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before re-use.
Treat skin and clothing with 1% sodium bicarbonate solution to
neutralize
acid residues.
If irritation occurs seek medical advice.

20. 20
Inhaled
Remove victim from exposure - avoid becoming a casualty.
Allow patient to assume most comfortable position and keep
warm.Keep at rest until fully recovered.
If breathing laboured and patient cyanotic (blue), ensure airways are
clear
and have qualified person give oxygen through a face mask. If
breathing
has stopped apply artificial respiration at once. In the event of cardiac
arrest, apply external cardiac massage.
Seek medical attention.
Continue …

21. 21
Personal Protection
Protective Equip.
The following personal protective equipment must be worn.
Overalls or similar protective apparel.
Safety glasses,goggles or faceshield as appropriate.
Rubber boots.
Elbow-length PVC gloves.
Splash apron.
Wash contaminated clothing and protective equipment before
storing/re-using.
Avoid all contact.

22. 22
Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH

23. 23
Health hazards NaOH
Acute -
Swallowed
Will cause severe irritation and chemical burns to the gastrointestinal
tract. Swallowing can result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal
pain, swelling of the larynx and subsequent suffocation, perforation of
the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular collapse and coma.
Acute -
Eye
Corrosive to eyes; contact can cause corneal burns, possible permanent
eye damage and blindness.
Acute -
Skin
Will cause severe irritation and chemical burns in contact with the
skin, which will result in itching, redness, swelling and tissue
destruction.
Acute -
Inhaled
Inhalation of mists will result in respiratory irritation and possible
harmful corrosive effects including lesions of the nasal septum,
pulmonary oedema, pneumonitis and emphysema. Inhalation of mists at
elevated
temperatures will increase these symptoms.
Chronic Chronic effects are unlikely due to the severity of acute effects.

24. 24
First Aid
Swallowed DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Immediately wash out mouth
with water and then give plenty of water to drink. SEEK
IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.
Eye If contact with the eye(s) occur, wash with copious amounts of water
for approximately 20 minutes holding eyelid(s) open. Take care not
to rinse contaminated water into the non-affected eye. SEEK
IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION.
Skin Remove all contaminated clothing. Wash gently and thoroughly
with water for 15 minutes. Ensure contaminated clothing is
washed before re-use or discard. If contact is more than of minor
nature, SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION.
Inhaled Remove the source of contamination or move the victim to fresh air.
Ensure airways are clear and have a qualified person give oxygen
through a face mask if breathing is difficult. If victim has stopped
breathing begin artificial respiration, or if heart has stopped,
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL
ATTENTION.
First Aid
Facilities Safety showers, eye wash and normal washroom facilities.

25. 25
General Safety Precaution
1. Chemicals brought into the store are as per MSDS
submitted.
2. Storage area has been cordoned off with warning
signs displayed.
3. Chemicals are stored in a well-ventilated area or
open spaces.
4. Ensure that suitable fire extinguishers are provided
at store.
5. While handling the chemicals follow strictly work
practices, procedure.
6. Workers handling the chemicals are equipped with
proper PPEs.
7. All spillages are immediately cleaned up and the
place is rendered safe before commencing work.

26. 26
8. Impermeable clothing should be worn If large
quantity of solvent is used.
9. Requisite quantity of chemicals alone should be
stored and used.
10.Eye protection should be worn when chemical are
being moved or transferred on site.
11.When mixing or pouring chemicals using temporary
containers, container should be properly labelled.
12.Workers should be encouraged to wash before you
eating and smoking at the workstation.
Continue …

27. 27
13.If the skin is splashed with a chemical, it should
be rinsed immediately with plenty of clean running
water. Eyes should be flushed out thoroughly
with water and should receive immediate medical
attention.
14.If the worker is burnt by chemical, or feel unwell
after using a Chemical, seek medical attention
without delay.
15.If there is a spillage of chemicals on the ground
or floor, this should be reported so that the right
action can be taken, such as soaking it up with
dry sand.
Continue …

28. 28

29. 29