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Nyliberale strategier for urbane
vanntjenester – makt og fordeling




     Illustrasjonsfoto: Sigurd Jorde
                                       _____________
1. Et nyliberalt perspektiv
    Økonomisk effektivitet, inntjening og brukerbetaling (selv for
       fattige).

   = Bedre styring gir bedre økonomi – dermed mer ressurser til å
       utbedre vanntjenesten


To ulike reformmodeller – for urbane vanntjenester:
   •   Privatisering
   •   Selskapisering




                                           _____________
Pre-paid meters i Soweto, Johannesburg. Foto:
           Jørgen Eiken Magdahl




          _____________
2. Kritikken fra et mer sosiopolitisk
   perspektiv (vil ta sosiale hensyn)
   - Kritiserer det overnevnte perspektivet for å neglisjerer politikk og
      ulikheter i makt  som skal være hovedgrunnen til at folk ikke har
      tilgang til vann


FNs (UNDP) Human Development Report fra 2006:

      ”Kort sagt, knappheten er skapt av politiske prosesser og
      institusjoner som stiller de fattige på sidelinjen.”




                                            _____________
To måter politiske prosesser og institusjoner –
  nedprioriterer/gir avmakt til fattige:

1. Den nyliberal politikken prioriterer økonomi på
   bekostning av sosiale velferdshensyn – slik at:

  a) Fattige har manglende mulighet til å betale for vanntjenesten,
  b) Betaling for vann går utover andre viktige basisbehov som mat,
  helsetjenester, skolegang o.l.


  Skyldes også strukturell ulikhet i makt - som utbredt
  arbeidsløshet.

  Vanskelig å få lønnsarbeid  gir dårlig råd og manglende mulighet til å
  betale for vann




                                           _____________
Johannesburg by,
     geografisk ulik
         tilgang
 - mellom ulike bydeler
    (henholdsvis den
fattige bydelen Soweto
   og den rike bydelen
 Sandton (Bond 2004)




   _____________
• 2. Politikk som nedprioriterer den urbane underklassen
    Favoriserer andre klasser, interesser, grupper, strategier – siden
    de besitter større makt (økonomisk og politisk makt)




Den politiske situasjonen i Johannesburg - som eksempel:

         - Velstående bydeler og grupper favoriseres
         (Økonomisk makt gir politisk makt)


         - Prioriterer private selskap (interurban konkurransekraft)

         - Nasjonaløkonomisk strategi (kutt i overføringene til byene)




                                                   _____________

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Nyliberale strategier for urbane vanntjenester

  • 1. Nyliberale strategier for urbane vanntjenester – makt og fordeling Illustrasjonsfoto: Sigurd Jorde _____________
  • 2. 1. Et nyliberalt perspektiv  Økonomisk effektivitet, inntjening og brukerbetaling (selv for fattige). = Bedre styring gir bedre økonomi – dermed mer ressurser til å utbedre vanntjenesten To ulike reformmodeller – for urbane vanntjenester: • Privatisering • Selskapisering _____________
  • 3. Pre-paid meters i Soweto, Johannesburg. Foto: Jørgen Eiken Magdahl _____________
  • 4. 2. Kritikken fra et mer sosiopolitisk perspektiv (vil ta sosiale hensyn) - Kritiserer det overnevnte perspektivet for å neglisjerer politikk og ulikheter i makt  som skal være hovedgrunnen til at folk ikke har tilgang til vann FNs (UNDP) Human Development Report fra 2006: ”Kort sagt, knappheten er skapt av politiske prosesser og institusjoner som stiller de fattige på sidelinjen.” _____________
  • 5. To måter politiske prosesser og institusjoner – nedprioriterer/gir avmakt til fattige: 1. Den nyliberal politikken prioriterer økonomi på bekostning av sosiale velferdshensyn – slik at: a) Fattige har manglende mulighet til å betale for vanntjenesten, b) Betaling for vann går utover andre viktige basisbehov som mat, helsetjenester, skolegang o.l. Skyldes også strukturell ulikhet i makt - som utbredt arbeidsløshet. Vanskelig å få lønnsarbeid  gir dårlig råd og manglende mulighet til å betale for vann _____________
  • 6. Johannesburg by, geografisk ulik tilgang - mellom ulike bydeler (henholdsvis den fattige bydelen Soweto og den rike bydelen Sandton (Bond 2004) _____________
  • 7. • 2. Politikk som nedprioriterer den urbane underklassen   Favoriserer andre klasser, interesser, grupper, strategier – siden de besitter større makt (økonomisk og politisk makt) Den politiske situasjonen i Johannesburg - som eksempel: - Velstående bydeler og grupper favoriseres (Økonomisk makt gir politisk makt) - Prioriterer private selskap (interurban konkurransekraft) - Nasjonaløkonomisk strategi (kutt i overføringene til byene) _____________