Water and sewage systems for future cities. Cases: New York and Bangalore

NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen Habitat Norway - Infrastructure 2013
20. mars,2013

Vann- og avløpsløsninger for
framtidens byer med eksempler
bl.a. fra New York og Bangalore

Petter D. Jenssen
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences,
1 Norwegian University of Life Sciences

www.umb.no

3,4 million people die anually 1,2 billion people do
due to diseses caused by not have access to
lack of proper water clean water
and sanitation

UN summit Johannesburg 2000 - goals:
• Halve the number of people without access to clean water
within the year 2015
• Halve the number of people lacking proper sanitation
within the year 2015

3
2,5 billion people
lack proper sanitation

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Kathmandu, Nepal

Dry season:
 DO less than 1 mg/l
 BOD - 250 mg
(Pandey et al. 2005)

4

Department of Plant and 4
Environmental Sciences www.umb.no

wastewater in
the world is
discharged
90% of the

untreated

www.umb.no
Current situation:
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jensssen

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5

Repair of infrastructure (Norway) 500 billion NOK

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P.D. Jenssen IPM/UMB

Data from: Cordell et al. 2009
www.umb.no
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.D. Jenssen

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www.umb.no
Photo: P. Jenssen
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences

89
8


20-40% of the water consumption
in sewered cities is used
for flushing toilets
(Gardner 1996)

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Photo: P. Jenssen www.umb.no

Future solutions for megacities ?

www.umb.no
Photo: P. Jenssen

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89

(Alsen and Jenssen2005)
Source separation of wastewater

www.umb.no

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12


Nutrients and volume of domestic wastewater fractions

100 %
90 %
80 %
70 %
60 % Greywater
50 % Faeces
40 % Urine

30 %
20 %
10 %
0%
12 Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Volume

(Jönsson et al., 2000).
www.umb.no



100 %
90 %
80 %
70 %
60 % Greywater
50 % Faeces
40 % Urine

30 %
20 %
10 %
0%

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100 %
90 % 1 % of
80 %
70 %
the volume
60 % contains: Greywater
50 % Faeces
40 % Urine

30 %
>80%
20 % of the
10 %
resources
0%

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www.umb.no

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12


Future toilet types
(commercially available today)

• Composting /dry sanitation 0 - 0.1 liter/visit
• Low flush (urine diverting) 0.1 - 4.0 liter/visit
• Low flush (vacuum&gravity) 0.5 - 1.0 liter/visit

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Clean odourless
Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden

toilets

www.umb.no

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Composting toilet at roadside facility - Sweden

Elected the best
roadside facility
in Sweden 2003

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Dual flush urine -diverting system

• Urine flushed with 1-2 dl
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• Faeces - flushed with 2-4 liters
(Jønsson et al. 1998)
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www.umb.no
Kastrup airport
Copenhagen
Waterless urinals

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1 liter/flush
Gravity
Lavtspylende toaletter

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0.5 - 1.5 liters/flush
Vacuum

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Future solution using source

www.umb.no
separation:

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Is it technically

urban areas?
possible in

www.umb.no
separation:

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separation:

Is it technically
possible in
urban areas?

What is the
cost?

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www.umb.no

Decentralized greywater treatment in urban areas -
Klosterenga, OSLO

Klosterenga

Compiled by: Petter D. Jenssen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)


Klosterenga oversikt
Greywater treatment in urban areas -
Klosterenga, OSLO

Pretreatment
Biofilter (PBF)

Horisontal
subsurface
• 33 apartments flow CW
• 100 persons
• Area 1m2/person



Greywater treatment at
Klosterenga Oslo
Effluent values:
Fecal coliforms: <10
Total-N: 2,5 mg/l
Total-P: 0,02 mg/l
www.umb.no

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Local discharge
Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences P.D. Jenssen

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Irrigation

Groundwater recharge

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s e?
s eu
h ou
In Greywater treatment at
Klosterenga Oslo
Effluent values:
Fecal coliforms: <10
Total-N: 2,5 mg/l
Total-P: 0,02 mg/l
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Rainwater
catchment
House Without City Water Supply
Reuse & Recycle of Waste
Built in 2002 occupies 135 m2 Area
Urine
diverting
toilet

Dug well for
Ground water
recharge Greywater
Treatment
Plant
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5

Water collection
(R. Shrestha 2006) www.umb.no
Tank

(R. Shrestha 2006)
5 to 6 months
Faeces after

www.umb.no

39
6

(R. Shrestha 2006)
Composted faeces and urine as fertilizer

www.umb.no

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Treated greywater for irrigation and groundwater recharge

(R. Shrestha 2006)
www.umb.no

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(R. Shrestha 2006)
Watering and car washing
even in dry periods

www.umb.no

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House Without City Water Supply
Reuse & Recycle of Waste
Built in 2002 occupies 135 m2 Area

42
9

www.umb.no (R. Shrestha 2006)

www.umb.no
Bangalore India

Well

Photos: J. Heeb
Sewer

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www.umb.no
Ecosan toiletcenter

Photos: J. Heeb

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Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India

Faeces

Urine

Wash
water
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Photos: J. Heeb

www.umb.no


Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India

 Serves 800 people
 Produces 50 tonn
bananas/year
 Produces compost for sale
 Employs 10 people
 Annual cost 10 US$/user

Photo: J. Heeb

74
41

www.umb.no

www.umb.no
resource
Waste as a

Photos J. Heeb

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Solutions for megacities ?

www.umb.no
Photo: P. Jenssen

43
89


20-40% of the water consumption
in sewered cities is used
for flushing toiles
(Gardner 1996)

3

Department of Plant and 4
Environmental Sciences www.umb.no
Photo: P. Jenssen


Vacuum technology Marine
installations

• 1660vacuum toilets
90
45
• > 2km of vacuum sewer line

www.umb.no
(Jets TM)

(Jets TM)
Vacuum technology

www.umb.no
Marine installations

46
91

Biofilter
Rotating biological contactors

Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)

Plant for production of bioenergy
Kildesep prinsipp ?
Challenges
and solidified fertilizer

• Logistics of blackwater transport
•Treatment of blackwater

From: Jenssen and Vatn 1991
www.umb.no
 Jenssen og Vatn inn her
Cost aspects

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Population: 500 000
Sarawak Malaysia
Kuching

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Source separating system - Kuching, Malaysia

www.umb.no
Norwegian technology

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80

Costs (MYR) conventional vs. decentralized

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Investment cost
of centralized sewer systems

 Collection system 70 - 90%
 Treatment 10 - 30%
Sewer lines
(Otis 1996, Mork et al. 2000)

Wastewater
treatment plant
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The blackwater system Kuching
Converting the septic tank to a holding tank

3. Fitting a quick coupling
for easy pump out
Metering gage

Holding tank

84
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The blackwater system - Kuching

Pump out time reduced
to 6 minutes/tank

www.umb.no

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85

Proposed biogas plant

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42


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Pilot project Hui Sing Garden
Greywater treatment
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Photo: P. D. Jenssen

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87


Greywater treatment - Hui Sing Garden

 Preliminary results:
BOD < 2 mg/l
Total N 2.2 mg/l
Total P 1.9
Faecal coliforms 50/100ml

(Jenssen et al. 2005)

88
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Photos: P. D. Jenssen
www.umb.no


Source separation of domestic wastewater - Pinggu

Blackwater

62
Greywater

www.umb.no P. D. Jenssen IPM/UMB


Source separation of domestic wastewater - Pinggu

Blackwater to biogas and fertilizer

63
Greywater



Drinking water

Irrigation



64
Greywater to:


90% watersaving is possible !

Drinking water ?

Greywater recycling

Irrigation



65
Greywater to:


Conclusion:Large scale urban
application of ecological
sanitation is no longer a far
fetched scenario


Greywater treatment at
Klosterenga Oslo
Effluent values:
67 Fecal coliforms: <10
Total-N: 2,5 mg/l
Total-P: 0,02 mg/l
www.umb.no

Conclusions - source separating
systems
Can be implemented sector by sector,
thus distributing investment cost in time c

Treatment/collection site

Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB)


Conclusions - source separation

 Systems using separate treatment of
excreta and greywater provide many
new solutions to sanitary challenges
in rural and peri-urban areas, but
these source separating systems can
also be used to sewer urban areas in
a sustainable way.
 Source separating systems facilitates
production of bioenergy (biogas) as
part of blackwater treatment. The gas
production is greatly improved by co-
treatment of blackwater and other
waste resources as organic
69 household waste.

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Water saving up to 40% due to use of water
efficient toilets. If greywater is treated and
recycled >90% water saving is possible, thus
reducing the water footprint by a factor 10.
Greywater can be treated to bathing water in
compact in-house systems or in simple
biological systems integrated in green areas.
This opens for local discharge, groundwater
recycling, use in irrigation or uprading to
potable water quality through e.g. membrane
filtration.

70

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It is assumed that an immediate transfer to
source separating systems in urban areas will
initially be more costly than continuing the
present systems, but with time environmental
benefits will make source separating systems
more cost efficient (Jenssen and Vatn 2001)
In the environmental building at Klosterenga
in Oslo a dual plumbing system with vacuum
toilets was calculated to the same investment
cost as traditional plumbing.
In Kuching (a city of 500000 people) in
Malaysia with a non existent sewer collection
system a source separating system with
processing of blackwater to biogas and fertilizer
and local greywater treatment was calculated
71
to be 25% cheaper than centralized collection
and biological treatment.

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Conclusion
For urban areas without a centralized collection system,
especially:
Consider to go straight to water-saving and recycling, often
decentralized and source separating sanitary systems

72

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Water and sewage systems for future cities. Cases: New York and Bangalore

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