Can Melbourne Remain the (Second!) World's Most Liveable City?
Presented by Dr Susie Maloney (RMIT University)
2018 ProSPER.Net Leadership Programme
12-16 November, 2018
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Can Melbourne Remain the (Second!) World's Most Liveable City?
1. 1
RMIT University
School of Global Urban and Social Studies and
Centre for Urban Research
Can Melbourne remain the
(second!) world’s most liveable
city?
Dr Susie Moloney
Senior Lecturer Sustainability and Urban Planning
Centre for Urban Research
Email: susie.moloney@rmit.edu.au
2. 2
RMIT acknowledges the people of the Woi wurrung and Boon wurrung
language groups of the eastern Kulin Nations on whose unceded lands we
conduct the business of the University. RMIT University respectfully
acknowledges their Ancestors and Elders, past and present.
RMIT also acknowledges the Traditional Custodians and their Ancestors of the
lands and waters across Australia where we conduct our business.
Acknowledgement of country
3. 3
Overview
1. Urbanisation trends – globally and nationally
2. How has Melbourne changed?
3. What does liveability mean?
4. Can Melbourne continue to be a liveable city for
everyone?
3
8. 8
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Source: State of Australian Cities
2015,p.16
Australia is
highly urbanised
More than 75% of Australia’s
population concentrated in 20
largest cities
Australia is projected to grow to
just over 30million by 2031 (mainly
in capital cities)
15. 15
Russell’s 1837 plan from http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/online/water/documents_images.asp
• The site for Melbourne was first
identified by John Batman in June
1835 who reportedly wrote in his diary
that:
“about six miles up, found the river to
be good water and very deep. This will
be the place for a village”.
• John Batman conducted an exchange
with local Aborigines that he believed
was a land purchase. They apparently
thought they were getting gifts for
passing through the land.
• John Fawkner arrived on the ship the
Enterprise in Aug 1835 to establish a
settlement.
16. 16
Map of Melbourne 1838
https://overland.org.au/2012/07/melbourne-from-the-falls/
17. 17Hoddle’s 1837 plan from http://www.prov.vic.gov.au/online/water/documents_images.asp
23. 23
19th Century - Marvellous Melbourne
• By 1888 Melbourne was the largest of all cities had a population of
419,000
Lithograph of the Royal Exhibition
Building, built to host the Melbourne
International Exhibition of 1880
Federal Coffee Palace, one of many
grand hotels erected during the
boom
24. 24
The Melbourne
‘Slums’
Howe (1988) New Houses for Old, p.143
R. White’s Boot Factory, 1894, State Library of Victoria
http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/miscpics/gid/slv-pic-aab19881
Oswald Barnett – Richmond –
the children’s playground [ca.
1935]
http://www.cv.vic.gov.au/sto
ries/the-unsuspected-slums/
Source: Beautiful Melbourne, Brotherhood of St Laurence
1947 http://australianscreen.com.au/titles/beautiful-
melbourne/
25. 25
City Expansion and Town
Planning in Australia
begins
• City expanded in post war era.
• Along trams and trains lines
• 1953 The first major plan
Melbourne 1953
Plan of General Development, Melbourne p.25
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Post war Melbourne
ICI House 1958 – First High Rise
Melbourne 1967
Laurie Richards Collection at Museum Victoria
http://museumvictoria.com.au/collections/items/79
9369/negative-aerial-view-facing-south-west-
towards-port-phillip-bay-from-east-melbourne-
victoria-1967
29. 29
A ‘buzzing’ central city
“Planners and urban designers
made a major contribution to the
internationally famous and widely
admired ‘buzz’ of Melbourne’s CBD.
But they weren’t the only ones – the
seeds were sown earlier” (Davies,
A. 2014)
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Melbourne is growing fast….
• We need over 1.6 million homes by 2050….
• Two distinct trends across the largest cities
in Australia
– Growing suburbs on the edge of cities
(urban fringe)
– Growing number of high-density areas near
the centre of the city
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How do we ensure Melbourne remains
a liveable and sustainable city in the
future for everyone?
Key challenges:
• Congestion
• Affordability
• Accessibility
• Climate change
• Rural
encroachment
(Plan Melbourne 2013)
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Melbourne: the world’s most liveable city
(until this year….) According to ‘The Economist Intelligence Unit’
• 2018 – out of 140 cities Vienna is no. 1 and
Melbourne is no.2
• Approx 30 Criteria across 5 areas:
– Stability, Infrastructure, Education, Health Care,
Culture and Environment
• Variables include: crime rates, climate, private
schooling, parks, health care, housing and
transport services
• But….liveability for who? And what are we
maintaining?
35
1. Vienna, Austria (99.1)
2. Melbourne, Australia (98.4)
3. Osaka, Japan (97.7)
4. Calgary, Canada (97.5)
5. Sydney, Australia (97.4)
6. Vancouver, Canada (97.3)
7. Toronto, Canada (97.2)
8. Tokyo, Japan (97.2)
9. Copenhagen, Denmark
(96.8)
10. Adelaide, Australia (96.6)
36. 36
The Age Index
of Liveability
2011/2015
36
15 Measures:
topographic,
infrastructure,
cultural,
proximity to train
stations and other
transport, access to
schools, traffic
congestion, tree
density, policing
offences etc
37. 37
What makes a liveable city?
Liveability - studies the relationship between city planning, community
health and well-being
Four key factors:
1. How we move around (walkable neighbourhoods, connectivity,
proximity)
2. Diverse areas to live with good access to community centres and
amenities, local retail and good quality parks
3. Design features and street level characteristics (safe, attractive,
desirable locations enhances community health and well-being)
4. Street network surrounding school sites – highly connected, lower
levels of traffic, safe short walking and cycling for school children
See Billi-Giles Corti – 5 Yr RESIDE Project and Creating Liveable Cities in Australia Report’ 2017), Centre for Urban
Research, RMIT University
37
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A liveability community is….
‘safe, attractive, socially cohesive and inclusive,
and environmentally sustainable; with
affordable and diverse housing linked by
convenient public transport, walking and cycling
infrastructure to employment, education, public
open space, local shops, health and community
services, and leisure and cultural opportunities’
Source: Lowe M, Whitzman C, Badland H, Davern M, Hes D, Aye L, et al. (2013) Liveable, healthy,
sustainable: What are the key indicators for Melbourne neighbourhoods? Melbourne: Place, Health
and Liveability Research Program, University of Melbourne.
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Measuring Liveability – policy
implementation and national indicators
Eight Liveability Indicators
(Melbourne, Sydney,
Brisbane, Perth):
• Walkability
• Public transport
• Public open space
• Housing affordability
• Employment
• Food environments
• Alcohol environments
Some Findings:
• No Aust city performs well on all indicators
• Considerable spatial variation within cities
• Density policy settings are too low to
achieve walkable neighbourhoods
• The vast majority travel to work by car
• Mixmatch between urban liveability and
walkability
• Policies, standards and guidelines need to
be better informed by evidence on how to
create healthy, liveable, walkable cities
• Ambitious targets and integrated planning
are needed.
“Creating Liveable Cities in Australia: Mapping urban policy implementation and evidence-based
national liveability indicators”, Oct 2017, http://cur.org.au/project/national-liveability-report/
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Planning for
liveability –
what we need
to do
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“Creating Liveable Cities in Australia:
Mapping urban policy implementation
and evidence-based national liveability
indicators”, Oct 2017
http://cur.org.au/project/national-
liveability-report/
