The document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Riyanti Djalante on urban disaster risk reduction. It provides an overview of her background and research interests, which include conceptual frameworks for hazards, risks, vulnerability and resilience. It then outlines key concepts related to disaster risk reduction and frameworks such as the Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework. The presentation discusses how cities face increased disaster risks due to factors like population concentration, infrastructure development, and effects of climate change. It analyzes the risks cities face from hazards like flooding, earthquakes and storms. The presentation emphasizes the importance of understanding risk and implementing measures to strengthen urban resilience and disaster preparedness.

1. ProSPER.Net Young Researchers School –
Urban Disaster Risk Reduction
Dr. Riyanti Djalante
United Nations University,
Institute for the Advanced Studies for Sustainability (UNU-IAS)
djalante@unu.edu
March 8th, 2018 1

2. • Currrent: Academic Research Officer, UNU-IAS, Global Change and
Resilience
• Research
• Conceptualizations of hazards, risks, disasters, vulnerability, resilience and
transformations
• Governance and social implications of DRR/CCA
• Constributions
• IPCC Lead Author on Impacts of 1.5 degree change, Assessment Report 6 Working
Group II
• UN Environment on Global Environmental Outlook 6, on climate change
• IRDR Science Committe member
• Indonesian government (Development Planning, Disaster Management)
• Consultancies on DRR/CCA projects in Indonesia: USAID, World Bank, ADB, JIRCAS
• UNISDR: SFDRR Indicators and Words into Action, Report of the open-ended
intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to
DRR
• Education
• Bachelor: University of New South Wales, Australia
• Master: Queensland University, Australia.
• PhD: Macquarie University, Australia.
• UNU-EHS, Alexander von Humboldt Fellowships for experienced researcher, Germany
ResumeProfile

3. Outline
1. Global risk landscape
2. Key concepts: hazard, risks, vulnerability, resilience
3. Cities and disasters risks
4. International processes and frameworks
5. Current actions and strategies
3

4. Global Landscape of Natural Hazards
4

5. Global Distribution of Disaster Risk
5

6. Climate Change Vulnerability Index
6

7. Disaster impacts – No of disasters
Disaster
“A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community
or society to cope using its own resources.”
For a disaster to be entered into the database at least one of the
following criteria must be fulfilled:
• Ten (10) or more people reported killed.
• Hundred (100) or more people reported affected.
• Declaration of a state of emergency.
• Call for international assistance.
7
14,426 disasters

8. Disaster impacts – Total deaths
8
32,613,261 deaths

9. Disaster impacts – Total affected
persons
9
7,925,050,661 total affected

10. Disaster impacts – Displacements due
to disasters
10

11. Disaster impacts – Displacements due
to disasters
11

12. Disaster impacts – Total economic
damage
12
USD 3,115 Billion total damage
(0.01% of Japan 2015 ODA 16.5 Million USD)

13. Outline
1. Global risk landscape
2. Key concepts: hazard, risks, vulnerability, resilience
3. Cities and disasters risks
4. International processes and frameworks
5. Current actions and strategies
13

14. Terminologies
• Hazard: A process, phenomenon or
human activity that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property
damage, social and economic disruption
or environmental degradation.
• (Disaster) Risk: Disaster risk signifies the
possibility of adverse effects in the future.
It derives from the interaction of social
and environmental processes, from the
combination of physical hazards and the
vulnerabilities of exposed elements
https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology
https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg2.pdf
Key Concepts

15. UN Photo: Tropical Storm Jeanne
floods Haiti, 2004
UN Photo: Aftermath of tsunami in the
Indian Ocean, 2004
Hazard

16. Risks
The product of hazards over which we have no control.
It combines:
• the likelihood or probability of a disaster happening
• the negative effects that result if the disaster happens
• these are increased by vulnerabilities
(characteristics/circumstances that make one susceptible
to damaging effects of a hazard)
• and decreased by capacities (combination of strengths,
attitudes and resources)

17. Risks
Risks

18. RisksRisks
Risks

19.  “... a human condition or process resulting from physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors which determine the likelihood and scale of damage from the
impact of a given hazard“ (UNDP, 2004)
 “The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental
factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impacts
of hazards“ (UNISDR, 2004)
 “The degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse
affects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is
a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to
which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and adaptive capacity” (IPCC, 2007)
 “The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability
encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or
susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.” (IPCC, 2014)
Vulnerability

20. Terminologies
• Resilience: The ability of a system,
community or society exposed to hazards to
resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to,
transform and recover from the effects of a
hazard in a timely and efficient manner,
including through the preservation and
restoration of its essential basic structures
and functions through risk management.
• Adaptive Capacity: (in relation to climate
change impacts) The ability of a system to
adjust to climate change (including climate
variability and extremes) to moderate
potential damages, to take advantage of
opportunities, or to cope with the
consequences. https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology
https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg2.pdf
Resilience

21. Outline
1. Global risk landscape
2. Key concepts: hazard, risks, vulnerability, resilience
3. Cities and disasters risks
4. International processes and frameworks
5. Current actions and strategies
21

22. Cities and Disasters Risk
22

23. 23
Cities and Disasters Risk

24. 24
Cities and Disasters Risk

25. • The impact of a natural disaster in a densely populated area can be catastrophic.
This is why disaster planning is nowhere more urgent than in the world’s big urban
centres.
• Cities are centres of economic activity and growth. As more people move to the
cities and businesses invest locally, more lives and assets concentrate in disaster-
prone areas.
• Since most major cities developed along the sea or waterways, flood risk threatens
more people than any other natural catastrophe. Across the 616 cities assessed,
river flooding poses a threat to over 379 million residents. Over 283 million
inhabitants could potentially be affected by earthquakes, and 157 million people
are at risk from strong winds. In many cases, urban populations must be prepared
to cope with more than one hazard.
• Natural disasters, along with other shocks such as human pandemics and acts of
terrorism, are likely to materialise in urban locations and affect millions of
residents. Strengthening the resilience of the world’s cities is therefore an urgent
priority
25
Cities and Disasters Risk
SwissRe: Mind the risk, 2016

26. Cities and Disasters Risk
Certain urban characteristics have obvious relevance to understanding disaster risks:
• Concentrated populations due to a concentrated labour market for nonagricultural
activities (which is what underpins virtually all urban centres);
• Land markets that are unrelated to the land’s agricultural potential, with land costs
often pricing most or all low-income groups out of “official” land-for-housing markets.
This means that large sections of the urban population acquire land and build housing
outside of the official system of land-use controls and building standards, yet these
controls and standards are meant to reduce the vulnerability of buildings and urban
neighbourhoods to disasters;
• High-density populations plus concentrations of their solid and liquid household
wastes (a particular problem if there are no services to collect and remove these); and
• Large, impermeable surfaces and concentrations of buildings that disrupt natural
drainage channels.
26
Bull-Kamanga et al 2003

27. 27
Cities and Disasters Risk
Hunt and Wattkiss 2010
Their consensus findings are that the most important effects of climate
change on cities are likely to be:
• Effects of sea level rise on coastal cities (including the effects of storm
surges);
• Effects of extreme events on built infrastructure (e.g. from wind storms
and storm surges, floods from heavy precipitation events, heat extremes
and droughts);
• Effects on health (from heat and cold related mortality and morbidity, food
and water borne disease, vector borne disease) arising from higher
average temperatures and/or extreme events;
• Effects on energy use (heating and cooling, energy for water);
• Effects on water availability and resources.

28. Cities and Disasters Risk
28
Bull-Kamanga et al 2003

29. 29
Cities and Disasters Risk
• The vast majority of cities are prone to river flooding
• Earthquakes are prevalent in many locations
• Storms endanger mostly urban areas on the coast
SwissRe: Mind the risk, 2016

30. 30
Cities and Disasters Risk
SwissRe: Mind the risk, 2016

31. 31
Cities and Disasters Risk
SwissRe: Mind the risk, 2016

32. 32
Cities and Disasters Risk
SwissRe: Mind the risk, 2016

33. 33
Cities and Disasters Risk
UN, The World’s Cities in 2016

34. 34
Cities and Disasters Risk
UN, The World’s Cities in 2016

35. 35
Cities and Disasters Risk
Hallegate et al 2013

36. 36
Cities and Disasters Risk
Hallegate et al 2013AAL=Average Annuall Loss

37. 37
Cities and Disasters Risk
Hallegate et al 2013AAL=Average Annuall Loss

38. Cities and Disasters Risk
38

39. Cities and Disasters Risk
39
McGranahan et al 2011

40. 40
Cities and Disasters Risk
Pelling in Brauch 2011

41. Outline
1. Global risk landscape
2. Key concepts: hazard, risks, vulnerability, resilience
3. Cities and disasters risks
4. International processes and frameworks
5. Current actions and strategies for urban risk
reduction
41

42. 1960s: The UN/GA adopted measures regarding
severe disasters
(Iran, Yugoslavia, Carribeans, etc)
1980-1986: Assistance in cases of Natural Disasters
2000-Now: Disasters, Vulnerability,
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
1990-1999:
The International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction
International processes and frameworks
- Timeline
1971-1979: Creation of the United Nations Disaster Relief Office
(UNDRO), UNDRCoordinator
1994: World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction at
Yokohama, Japan  Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a
Safer World
2015: Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction at
Sendai, Japan  Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030
SDGs
NUA
2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) at
Johannesburg, South Africa  Plan of Implementation of the
WSSD
1989: The GA proclaims the International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction (IDNDR 1990-2000)
1999: The GA approved the International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (ISDR)
2005: World Conference on Disaster Reduction at Kobe/Hyogo,
Japan  Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
2006: The Global Platform on Disaster Reduction
42

43. A. Coordinate
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction
• Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)
• The Global Platform for Disaster Risk
Reduction
• Regional Platforms
• National Platforms
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030
• The World Conference
• UN and Disaster Risk Reduction
B. Campaign
• Making Cities Resilient
• Worldwide Initiative for Safe Schools
• International Day for Disaster Reduction 13
Oct
• UN Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction
• Safe Schools and Hospitals
• ARISE
• Tsunami Awareness Day 5 Nov
C. Advocate
• Climate Change Adaptation
• Education
• Gender
• Sustainable Development
• Disaster Risk Reduction Champions
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNISDR)
43

44. Priorities for Actions
1: Governance.
2: Risk assessments and
early warning.
3: Education and
knowledge.
4: Reduce the
underlying risk
factors.
5: Preparedness.
3.3
3.3
3.1
3.0
3.4
3.2
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
HFA 1 HFA 2 HFA 3 HFA 4 HFA 5 Total
progress
2007-2009 2009-2011 2011-2013
The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
44

45. UNISDR (2015)
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
45
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=17&v=N6soXnTsgZg

46. The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
46

47. UNISDR (2015)
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
47

48. UNISDR (2015)
Priorities For Actions
Priority 1 Understanding disaster risk
Priority 2 Strengthening disaster risk governance to
manage disaster risk
Priority 3 Investing in disaster risk reduction for
resilience
Priority 4 Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
response, and to «Build Back Better» in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
48

49. UNISDR (2015)
Priority 1 Understanding disaster risk
• Risk assessments
• Systematic collection and analyses of Disaster losses
• Early warning system + community outreach
• National and local risk assessments
• National disaster information
• DRR into education
• Public education and awareness
• Scientific collaborations
• Traditional and indigenous knowledge
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
49

50. UNISDR (2015)
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
50

51. UNISDR (2015)
Priority 2 Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk
• Global and regional menchanisms
• DRR into sectoral development plans and strategies
• DRR in national and local budget
• Legal and institutional frameworks for DRR
• Multi-stakeholder platforms
• Increasing roles of local authorities and
parliamentarians
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
51

52. UNISDR (2015)
Priority 3 Investing in disaster risk reduction
for resilience
• Public and private investment
• Structural and non-structural measures
• Disaster risk transfer and insurance, risk sharing,
retention and financial protection
• Focus on critical facilities; schools, hospitals, physical
infrastrucues, and specific sites
• DRR into land use, urban planning, building codes
• DRR into ecosystem functions
• DRR into health systems
• Inclusive policies and social safety net, livelihoods,
assets.
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
52

53. UNISDR (2015)
Priority 4 Enhancing disaster preparedness
for effective response, and to «Build Back
Better» in recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
• strengthen disaster preparedness for response
• capacities are in place for effective response and recovery
• Inclusive, disabilities, and gender informed actions
• Plans for preparendess and contingency policies
• people-centred multi-hazard, multispectral forecasting and
early warning systems, disaster risk and emergency
communications mechanisms, social technologies and
hazard-monitoring telecommunications systems
• Volunteers
• Collaborations in post-disaster reconstruction
• Use rehabilitation and reconstruction as opprtunities for
DRR inclusion
• Psychological and mental health supports for disaster
victims
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030
53

54. The Sustainable development goals
54
SLC (2016) UNDP (2016)

55. Disaster Risk Reduction and the
Sustainable development goals
SDG 1 (1.5.1-2-3): By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable
situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-relate extreme
events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
SDG 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilience and sustainable
• Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction (SFDRR) (SDG 11.b)
• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and management, including community-base and
ecosystem-based DRR (SDG 11.5)
• Disaster risk finance and insurance (SDG 1.4-5)
• Resilience Cities (SDG 11.b)
• Inclusive and sustainable urbanization (SDG 11.3, 11.5)
• Human security including conflicts - environment nexus (Par. 13, on the New
Agenda)
55UNISDR, 2017

56. Outline
1. Global risk landscape
2. Key concepts: hazard, risks, vulnerability, resilience
3. Cities and disasters risks
4. International processes and frameworks
5. Current actions and strategies
56

57. Current actions and strategies

58. • UNISDR
• Mayors and local governments
are both the key targets and
drivers for the campaign.
• Making cities safe from
disaster is everybody's
business.
• 3853 cities
Making Cities Resilient

59. • The Ten Essentials: An operational framework of Sendai Framework at local
level.
• A Handbook For Local Government Leaders [2017 Edition]
• Quick Risk Estimation (QRE)
• Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities: A tool for disaster resilience planning.
• DESINVENTAR: Inventory system of the effects of disasters
• Resilient Cities Connect: An online marketplace that provides access to cities,
service providers and development partners
Disaster Risk Reduction

60. • Essential One: Organise for Disaster Resilience
• Put in place organization and coordination to understand and
reduce disaster risk, based on participation of citizen groups and
civil society. Build local alliances. Ensure that all departments
understand their role to disaster risk reduction and
preparedness.
The Ten Essentials: An Operational Framework Of
Sendai Framework At Local Level.

61. • Essential Two: Identify, Understand and Use Current and Future
Risk Scenarios
• Assign a budget for disaster risk reduction and provide incentives
for homeowners, low-income families, communities, businesses
and public sector to invest in reducing the risks they face.
The 10 essential

62. • Essential Three: Strengthen Financial Capacity for Resilience
• Maintain up-to-date data on hazards and vulnerabilities, prepare
risk assessments and use these as the basis for urban
development plans and decisions. Ensure that this information
and the plans for your city's resilience are readily available to the
public and fully discussed with them.
The 10 essential

63. • Essential Four: Pursue Resilient Urban Development and Design
• Invest in and maintain critical infrastructure that reduces risk,
such as flood drainage, adjusted where needed to cope with
climate change.
The 10 essential

64. • Essential Five: Safeguard Natural Buffers to Enhance
Ecosystems’ Protective Functions
• Assess the safety of all schools and health facilities and upgrade
these as necessary.
• After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are
placed at the centre of reconstruction with support for them and
their community organizations to design and help implement
responses, including rebuilding homes and livelihoods.
The 10 essential

65. • Essential Seven: Understand and Strengthen Societal Capacity
for Resilience
• Ensure education programmes and training on disaster risk
reduction are in place in schools and local communities.
The 10 essential

66. • Essential Six: Strengthen Institutional Capacity for Resilience
• Apply and enforce realistic, risk compliant building regulations
and land use planning principles. Identify safe land for low-
income citizens and develop upgrading of informal settlements,
wherever feasible.
The 10 essential

67. • Essential Eight: Increase Infrastructure Resilience
• Protect ecosystems and natural buffers to mitigate floods, storm
surges and other hazards to which your city may be vulnerable.
Adapt to climate change by building on good risk reduction
practices.
The 10 essential

68. • Essential Nine: Ensure Effective Disaster Response
• Install early warning systems and emergency management
capacities in your city and hold regular public preparedness
drills.
The 10 essential

69. • Essential Ten: Expedite Recovery and Build Back Better
• After any disaster, ensure that the needs of the survivors are
placed at the centre of reconstruction with support for them and
their community organizations to design and help implement
responses, including rebuilding homes and livelihoods.
The 10 essential

70. • 100 Resilient Cities—Pioneered by the
Rockefeller Foundation (100RC) is
dedicated to helping cities around the
world become more resilient to the
physical, social and economic challenges
that are a growing part of the 21st
century.
• URBAN RESILIENCE: Resilience is
about surviving and thriving, regardless
of the challenge.
• Urban resilience is the capacity of
individuals, communities, institutions,
businesses, and systems within a city to
survive, adapt, and grow no matter what
kinds of chronic stresses and acute
shocks they experience.
100 Resilient Cities

71. • Resilient cities demonstrate seven qualities that allow them to
withstand, respond to, and adapt more readily to shocks and stresses.
• Reflective: using past experience to inform future decisions
• Resourceful: recognizing alternative ways to use resources
• Robust: well-conceived, constructed, and managed systems
• Redundant: spare capacity purposively created to accommodate
disruption
• Flexible: willingness and ability to adopt alternative strategies in
response to changing circumstances
• Inclusive: prioritize broad consultation to create a sense of shared
ownership in decision making
• Integrated: bring together a range of distinct systems and institutions
100 Resilient Cities

72. Conclusion
1. Cities are the place for opportunities, but the
process of cities and urbanizations create risks
2. The roles of cities are internationally recognized
and acknoledged in various international
frameworks
3. Actions to deal with urban disaster risks are taken
place at different levels
72

73. ProSPER.Net Young Researchers School –
Urban Disaster Risk Reduction
Dr. Riyanti Djalante
United Nations University,
Institute for the Advanced Studies for Sustainability (UNU-IAS)
djalante@unu.edu
March 8th, 2018 73