Macro and Micro Level Considerations for More Effective Selection of Community Development Interventions and Introduction of New Technologies

MACRO AND MICRO LEVEL
CONSIDERATIONS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE
SELECTION OF COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS AND
INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
BY
SIR ANTHONY WAKWE LAWRENCE
COMMUNITY INTER-RELATIONS AND
CONCILIATION INITIATIVE (CIRCI)
& RCE GREATER YENAGOA
SOME CONSIDERATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE INTERVENTIONS

CONTENT
1.KEY OBJECTIVES
2.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (SD) GOALS AND
MACRO-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS: SD GOALS
INTER-DEPENDENCY
3. MICRO-LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
A.STAND-ALONE INTERVENTIONS
B.SUSTAINABILITY FILTERS TO ENHANCE SD
FUNCTIONALITY
C.SUSTAINABILITY ENHANCERS TO IMPROVE
SD SUCCESS RATE
4. SYNDICATE SESSION AND GROUP REPORTING

At the end of the workshop, participants will:
 Appreciate the interrelatedness of the SDGs
 Appreciate the relevance of macro and micro
level considerations to effectively achieve the
SDGs
 Appreciate and be able to apply sustainability
filters in enhancing project functionality.
 Appreciate and be able to apply sustainability
enhancers in enhancing project success rate
KEY OBJECTIVES

MACRO LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
 Sustainable Development Macro level considerations will
include, looking at the goals and managing the processes
from holistic perspectives and exploiting their
interdependencies for synergistic effects.
 This therefore will include among others:
 Critical review of the SDGs from an holistic
perspective at the international, national or
community levels.
 Monitoring and evaluation of performances of the
individual nations and the UN efforts towards
achieving the SDGs.
 Engaging of recalcitrant governments on how they
can support the process for better performance
 Formulating process enhancing policies,
strategies, protocols etc.

INTERRELATEDNESS OF THE SD GOALS
Sustainable Development challenges are:
 Interrelated/inter-dependent
 Call for integrated solutions
Demonstrating SDG interrelatedness/interdependency with
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere,
currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day (SDG 8:
Decent work and economic growth)
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and
children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to
national definitions (SDG 5: Gender equality & SDG 10: Reduce
inequalities)
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
measures for all, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor
and the vulnerable (SDG 10: Reduce inequalities)

1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the
poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic
resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and
control over land and other forms of property, inheritance,
natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial
services, including microfinance (SDG 8: Decent work and
Economic growth, SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and
infrastructure, SDG 10: Reduce inequalities, SDG 11: Sustainable
cities and communities, SDG 15: Life on Land & SDG16: Peace,
Justice and Strong Institutions)
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in
vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and
vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other
economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters (SDG
11: Sustainable cities and communities & SDG 13: Climate
actions)

1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety
of sources, including through enhanced development
cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable
means for developing countries, in particular least developed
countries, to implement programmes and policies to end
poverty in all its dimensions (SDG 17: Partnership for the
goals)
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional
and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-
sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated
investment in poverty eradication actions (SDG 5: Gender
equality, SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and infrastructure, SDG
10: Reduce inequalities & SDG16: Peace, Justice and Strong
institutions)
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

https://www.tias-web.info/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/OConnor_SDGs_as_a_network_of_targets4_02022016.pdf

SD GOALS
Zero
Hunger
Good
Health &
Well-
being
Quality
Educatio
n
Gender
Equality
Clean
Water &
Sanitatio
n
Affordab
le &
Clean
Energy
Decent
Work &
Economi
c
Growth
Industry,
Innovati
on &
Infrastru
cture
Reduce
d
Inequalit
y
Sustaina
ble
Cities &
Commu
nities
Respons
ible
Consum
ption &
Producti
on
Climatic
Action
Life
below
Water
Life on
Land
Peace
Justice
& Strong
Institutio
ns
Partne
rship
for the
Goals
SDG 2 SDG 3 SDG 4 SDG 5 SDG 6 SDG 7 SDG 8 SDG 9
SDG
10
SDG
11
SDG
12
SDG
13
SDG
14
SDG
15
SDG
16
SDG
17
SDG 1 No poverty
SDG 2 Zero Hunger
SDG 3
Good Health & Well-
being
SDG 4 Quality Education
SDG 5 Gender Equality
SDG 6
Clean Water &
Sanitation
SDG 7
Affordable & Clean
Energy
SDG 8
Decent Work &
Economic Growth
SDG 9
Industry, Innovation
& Infrastructure
SDG
10 Reduced Inequality
SDG
11
Sustainable Cities &
Communities
SDG
12
Responsible
Consumption &
Production
SDG
13 Climatic Action
SDG
14 Life below Water
SDG
15 Life on Land
SDG
16
Peace Justice &
Strong Institutions
PAIRWISE COMPARISON ANALYSIS
DIRECT & INDIRECT INTER-
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SDG(S)
>99% (135/136) inter-dependency achieved

SDG 4: Quality Education
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities & Communities
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and
production
SDG 17: Partnership for the Goals
*MANAGE HUMAN POPULATION
* PROHIBIT PRODUCTION OF WEAPONS OF
MASS DESTRUCTION
SDG 3: Good Health and
Well-being
SDG 6: Clean Water and
Sanitation
SDG 7: Affordable and
Clean Energy
SDG 13: Climatic Action
SDG 14: Life below Water
SDG 15: Life on Land
SDG 1: No poverty
SDG 2: No Hunger
SDG 8: Decent Work &
Economic Growth
SDG 5: Gender Equality
SDG 10: Reduced
Inequality
SDG 16: Peace, Justice &
Strong Institutions
EFFECTIVE &
IMPROVING
GLOBAL
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMEN
T
ENCOURAGE TRANSFORMATIVE CAPACITIES
AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT
ENCOURAGE PEACE & JUSTICE
ENCOURAGE HEALTHY LIVING
EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIC GROW TH
PLACING OF SD GOALS INTO 5 GROUPS : CONCEPT 1
DUE TO THE INTERDEPENDENCIES, SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS ARE

5
CONTINUOUS AND
IMPROVING SUSTAINABILITY
SDG 4: Quality Education
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation &
Infrastructure
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities &
Communities
SDG 12: Responsible
Consumption and production
SDG 17: Partnership for the
Goals
*MANAGE HUMAN
POPULATION
* PROHIBIT PRODUCTION OF
WEAPONS OF MASS
DESTRUCTION
1
SDG 13:
Climatic
Action
SDG 14: Life
below Water
SDG 15: Life
on Land
2
SDG 3: Good Health
and Well-being
SDG 6: Clean Water
and Sanitation
SDG 7: Affordable
and
Clean Energy
SDG 1: No
poverty
SDG 2: No Hunger
SDG 8:
Decent Work &
Economic
Growth 3
4
SDG 5: Gender
Equality
SDG 10: Reduced
inequality
SDG 16: Peace,
Justice & Strong
Institutions
Sustainable
Economic Growth
Balanced
Ecosystem
SL Satisfied peopleSL
SLSL
Satisfied people
SL= Sustainable Living
1= PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT
2= ENHANCE HEALTHY LIVING
3= EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
4= ENHANCE PEACE & JUSTICE
5 = CONTINUOUS AND IMPROVING
PLACING OF SD GOALS
INTO 5 GROUPS: CONCEPT 2
5

The figure above tries to explain four interdependent critical factors (Peaceful society, unpolluted
environment, wisely managed resources and controlled human population) and that together they
enhance sustainable development. http://www.eajournals.org/journals/international-journal-of-development-and-
economic-sustainability-ijdes/vol-5-issue-5-september-2017/sustainability-filters-enhancers-towards-improving-
intervention-functionality-sustainable-advancement-holistic-concept/
SOME MACRO LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS AT THE
NATIONAL LEVEL: USING PRIORITY FACTORS
(NIGERIA)

The above figure tried to explain the benefits of sustainable development but this time using three
critical factors on the assumption that the forth factor (Peace) is given as being in place.
http://www.eajournals.org/journals/international-journal-of-development-and-economic-sustainability-ijdes/vol-5-issue-5-
september-2017/sustainability-filters-enhancers-towards-improving-intervention-functionality-sustainable-advancement-

MICRO LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS
 Micro level considerations will include the following:
 Considering individual stand alone interventions
that are aimed at improving sustainable
development:
 Developing greener machines utilising non-
fossil fuels.
 Developing energy efficient machines.
 Better ways to manage the environment and
the ecosystem and reducing population
pressure on natural resources.
 Prohibition of weapons of mass destruction etc.
 Considerations to improve SD delivery of
interventions

It is important to subject every new community
development intervention to the two stage micro
level selection approach.
Sustainability Filters
Sustainability Enhancers
Sustainability criteria can be used to test suitability
of new technology and it examines issues that
would enhance project or intervention success after
implementation.
MICRO LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS: USING
PRIORITY FACTORS

Sustainability Filters assess if the proposed
implementation process for the intervention will take care
of the following:
Ensure the participation and involvement of the
target beneficiaries in the planning, implementation
and management of the project.
Ensure that possible health, safety, social and other
environmental impacts of implementing the
intervention have been evaluated and mitigation
measures put in place towards addressing implied
negative impacts.
Ensure that the intervention has considered all the
critical success factors in holistic manner and is
using integrated and coordinated approach both at
the supra-system (system and its external environment)

The other set: Sustainability Enhancers are factors when
present make interventions more sustainable using the 5 As
(Adaptable, Affordable, Available, Applicable and Appropriate):
Adaptable: Intervention should be easily modifiable and
usable in other circumstances that beneficiaries may be
exposed to. Interventions that can be easily replicated will be
more easily mass-adopted.
Processing machines that use only electricity as
energy source
Available: Interventions should be available if others want to
replicate it and spare parts also available. You need to
assess if the people will be able to secure spare parts to
maintain the project on completion.
Imported processing machines that cannot by
fabricated in the nation and spare parts must be
imported.

Affordable: Intervention should be cheap enough to
attract more investors and ensure mass production,
replication and adoption.
Consider cost benefits and appropriate
substitutes before investing adopting
technologies
Applicable: Interventions should be able to
effectively resolve and address the developmental
and other related problems that it intends to address.
It should be relevant to the needs of the people.
Super Cassava Hybrid

Appropriate: Is the technology relevant to the level of
development of the beneficiaries?
It will not be useful providing:
 a public water scheme whose source of
power will be from the national electricity grid
and if there is no constant electricity supply in
that location
 a water system public toilet without
associated support water scheme.
Provide computers to a school if there are
competent operators
Beneficiaries should be trained on how to
operate the equipment.

SUSTAINABILITY
FILTERS
 Beneficiary
driven
 Environmentall
y friendly
 Integrated
approach
SUSTAINABILITY
ENHANCERS
 Adaptable
 Affordable
 Available
 Applicable
 Appropriate
TRUE
SUSTAINAIBILIT
Y
TRUE SUSTAINABILITY

THE THREE FACTOR DRILL DOWN
ANALYSIS APPROACH
 The analysis gives us the opportunity to look at
complex issues with a view to effecting maximum
impact only using few manageable factors .
 In this regard, we tried to identify three priority
factors in each situation for the analysis.
 The approach is in line with Poreto Principle of 80/20
rule, which shows that a vital few among many
factors account for the majority of impact in most
situations
 Fund raising, soliciting community/donor support,
distribution of wealth etc.
https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/pareto-analysis-step-by-step.php

USE OF THE THREE FACTOR DRILL DOWN
APPROACH

Ensure
beneficiary
capacity building
Use
participatory
approach
Target to
address core
problems as
perceived by
beneficiaries
Enhance
d
stability
Enhanced
acceptabilit
y
Enhance
d
durabilit
y
Beneficiary
driven
Integrated
approach
Environmentally
friendly
ENHANCING
SUSTAINABILITY
FUNCTIONALITY
SUSTAINABILITY FILTERS

Prioritise use of
community
resources/ inputs
Identify
other relevant
projects for
synergy and no
duplication
Identify and
involve all key
stakeholders
Intervention
complies with all
regulative
requirements
Intervention is
not harmful to
humanity
Intervention
does not
destroy the
ecosystem

Beneficiaries
can technically
manage project
on completion
Intervention
costs are
within budget
Maintenance
costs have
been planned
for
Releva
nt
Flexible
Useful
Affordability
Applicability
Adaptability
ENHANCING
SUSTAINABILITY
SUCCESS RATE
SUSTAINABILITY ENHANCERS

Beneficiaries
have capacity
to utilise
project
Project
is relevant
to address
identified
needs
Needs of vulnerable
groups considered /
income generation
Modifiable to
suit new
circumstances
Technology
available to
new entrants
Spare-parts
are readily
available

BENEFICIARY DRIVEN
• Use participatory
approach
• Target to address core
problem
• Build beneficiary
capacities
ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY
• Not harmful to humans
• Not harmful to
ecosystem
• Aligns to regulative
requirements
INTEGRATED APPROACH
• Involves all stakeholders
• Identify other relevant
projects and no
duplication
• Prioritize use of
community
resources/inputs
S
U
S
T
A
I
A
N
A
B
I
T
Y
F
I
L
T
E
R
S
AFFORDABILITY
• Cost of project
• Cost of post completion
maintenance
• Technical requirements
ADAPTABILITY
• Modifiable to changes
• Technology is available
to new entrants
• Spare-parts are
available
APPLICABILITY
• Beneficiaries have
capacity to utilise project
• Project will address
identified need
• Needs of vulnerable
groups considered
S
U
S
T
A
I
A
N
A
B
I
T
Y
E
N
H
A
N
C
E
R
S
IDENTIFIED PROBLEM TO BE ADDRESSED
IDENTIFIEDINTERVENTIONS

RATIONAL FOR ADOPTED PROCESS
 Enhance community participation in projects
planning, implementation, takeover and
ownership
 Ensure sustainable development education
and capacity building are incorporated into
community engagement and facilitating their
participation
 Reduce white elephant, none functional
projects in the communities
 Ensure scarce resources are better utilized
for the benefit of beneficiaries

THANKS FOR LISTENING

GROUP DISCUSSION 1:
SCENARIO: A Need Assessment conducted in a rural
community (A) with mainly very poor and illiterate
people showed that they lacked in order of priority the
following;
1. Incessant water borne disease incidents because
community members defecate in the open or into the
same stream they use for drinking.
2. No potable drinking water. Community members
travel a distance to fetch water from a stream.
3. No community meeting place and no source of
income for managing community.

CONTINUATION OF GROUP DISCUSSION 1:
Other Issues:
 Community wants a hall for meetings and also to
generate income, as they hope to rent to a Church to
use on Wednesdays and Sundays and to rent to others
on Saturdays for weddings, funerals and other
celebrations.
 What will be your advice, using SD micro level
approach?
 What are the SD Goals that your interventional
programme has addressed?
 Note that community leadership prefer modern projects
and dislike hand-pumps, neighbourhood water scheme
and pit latrines for no justifiable reasons.
 Total fund available for intervention is 100,000 US
Dollars. 26.5

Possible interventions:
Hand/Mono pumps in 10 strategic
places in community (10,000 USD)
with 1,000 USD as annual
maintenance cost.
Neighbourhood water scheme points
in 2 strategic points to cost 20,000
USD with 2,000 USD as annual
maintenance cost.
Big Reticulated water scheme with
distribution lines to cost 70,000 USD
with 6,000 USD as annual
maintenance cost.

Possible interventions:
Health awareness campaigns,
medical outreach interventions etc.
(10,000 USD)
Ventilated pit latrine at 5 points
(5,000 USD)
Public toilet with dedicated water
system and electric power (10,000
USD) with additional maintenance
and cleaning cost of 3,000 USD
Community town-hall for 50,000 USD

GROUP DISCUSSION 2
SCENARIO:
 A nation B has over 90% of its population as highly
religious, they dislike abortion and family planning
regulations with the belief that children are blessings
from God. The perception is that unconsciously, every
tribe of the nation is encouraging increase in birth rate
among its people, as a way of enhancing its political
voting power in the future.
 The nation also has over 60% of its population as very
poor, lacking employment opportunities and are mostly
illiterates. Due to high population growth rate, the
economy, life expectancy, hunger, societal strife,
pressure on inadequate development interventional
facilities/infrastructures etc. are all increasing at fast

CONTINUATION OF GROUP DISCUSSION 2
 Current estimates indicate that if this trend continues,
many more of its citizens will continue to risk their lives
migrating to ‘greener pastures’ in the developed nations
as refugees.
 The Government of this nation is worried and has
approached your team to advise on interventions it can
use to manage this problem.
 They are willing a spend a reasonable amount of its
revenue to address the problem and is willing to partner
any other nation or international body for the same
reason.
 Considering the importance of community education
and other emerging interventions that can enhance the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals,

1. https://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fc1.staticflickr.co
m%2F7%2F6213%2F6351083982_b6d47d4553_b.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A
%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fshareresearchconsortium%2F63510
83982&docid=zaY0GE9qEbemYM&tbnid=_2ysbrjcitVgCM%3A&w=815&h=1
024&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim
2. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Governance-Peaceful-Coexistence-Sustainable-
Advancement-
ebook/dp/B079HJBWX8/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1527510031&s
r=1-1&keywords=some+governance+and+peaceful+coexistence+issues
3. http://www.eajournals.org/journals/international-journal-of-development-and-
economic-sustainability-ijdes/vol-5-issue-5-september-2017/sustainability-
filters-enhancers-towards-improving-intervention-functionality-sustainable-
advancement-holistic-concept
4. https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/pareto-analysis-step-by-step.php
5. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
6. https://www.tias-web.info/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/OConnor_SDGs_as_a_network_of_targets4_02022
016.pdf
REFERENCES

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