5. At the end of the lesson, the students shouldbe
able to:
6. Identifystandard methods
and techniques use in
performingexperiments.
01 02
03 04
Enumeratebasic standard
methodsand techniquesuse
in performing experiments.
Describe proper use of
specific, standard
laboratoryprocedure.
Applyproper handling
and setting of laboratory
equipment.
11. Spectrophotome
try
Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how
much a chemical substance absorbs light by
measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light
passes through sample solution.
12. Uses
Measure the concentration of a solution
Identify organic compounds by determining the
absorption in maximum
Used for color determination within the spectral
range
16. Extraction
Extractions are a way to separate a desired
substance when it is mixed with others. The mixture
is brought into contact with a solvent in which the
substance of interest is soluble, but the other
substancespresent are insoluble.
17. Types of
Extraction
Maceration. This is a very simple extraction method
with the disadvantage of long extraction time and
low extraction efficiency. It could be used for the
extraction of thermolabile components.
18. Types of
Extraction
Percolation. Percolation is more efficient than
maceration because it is a continuous process in
which the saturated solvent is constantly being
replacedby fresh solvent.
19. Types of
Extraction
Decoction. The extract from decoction contains a
large amount of water-soluble impurities. Decoction
cannot be used for the extraction of thermolabile or
volatile components.
20. Types of
Extraction
Reflux Extraction. Reflux extraction is more efficient
than percolation or maceration and requires less
extraction time and solvent. It cannot be used for
the extractionof thermolabile natural products.
21. Types of
Extraction
Soxhlet Extraction. The Soxhlet extraction method
integrates the advantages of the reflux extraction
and percolation, which utilizes the principle of
reflux and siphoning to continuously extract the
herb withfresh solvent.
22. Types of
Extraction
Pressurized Liquid Extraction. PLE has also been
described as accelerated solvent extraction,
enhanced solvent extraction, pressurized fluid
extraction, accelerated fluid extraction, and high
pressure solvent extraction by different research
groups.
25. Types of
Extraction
Microwave Assisted Extraction. Microwaves generate
heat by interacting with polar compounds such as
water and some organic components in the plant
matrix following the ionic conduction and dipole
rotationmechanisms.
26. Types of
Extraction
Enzyme Assisted Extraction. The extraction
efficiency will be enhanced by EAE due to the
hydrolytic action of the enzymes on the components
of the cell wall and membrane and the
macromolecules inside the cell which facilitate the
release of the natural product.
27. Types of
Extraction
Pulse Electric Field Extraction. PEF is significantly
increases the extraction yield and decreased the
extraction time because it can increase mass transfer
during extraction by destroying membrane
structures.
30. Titration
Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a common
laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis
that is used to determine the unknown
concentrationof an identifiedanalyte
31. Types of
Titration
Acid-Base Titration. It is a quantitative analysis
method to determine an acid’s or bases’
concentration by precisely neutralizing them with a
standard solution of either acid or base of known
concentration.
32. Types of
Titration
Redox Titration. In this type of titration, the
chemical reaction takes place with a transfer of
electronsin the reacting ions of aqueous solutions.
34. Qualitative Test for
Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites are organic compounds
produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants which are not
directly involved in the normal growth, development
or reproductionof the organism.
35. Applications
Aids in the medicinal field
Discovers new plants or species
Helps in diagnostics and formulation of new
medicines/ treating patients
40. Applications
Helps you to measure the objects in a very
precise manner scales are very essential
equipment or device.
To satisfy the requirements of the people there
are numbers of products beingproduced.
41. Applications
To provide precise outcome a lot of additional
kind of scales like bench scales, Floor scales,
truck scale, bagging scales, weighing scales and
counting scales are intended
To determine mass of a vehicle
43. Grinding
Grinding is a material removal and surface
generation process used to shape and finish
componentsmade of metals andother materials.
44. Types of Grind
Process
Cylindrical grinding is generally used for generating
external cylindrical surface. The machine used for
cylindrical grinding is very similar to a center lathe
m/c.
45. Types of Grind
Process
Surface grinding machines are generally used for
generating flat surface. These machines are similar
to milling machines in construction as well as
motion.
46. Types of Grind
Process
Centerless grinding is a machining process that uses
abrasive cutting to remove material from a work
piece in different way.
48. Applications
Grinding turbine blades
Grinding honeycomb metals for aerospace
application
Removal of fatigue cracks fromunderwater steel
Shaping tool bits that need to be made or
repaired
49. Applications
Used to make precision rods, tubes, bearing
races, bushings, and many other parts.
It can be easier to remove metal from its surface
when hardened.
50. Importance
Grinding machines have advanced in design,
construction, rigidity and application far more
in the last decade than any other standard
machine tool in the manufacturing industry.
51. Importance
Used to sharpen the cutting edges of cutting
tools and sharp objects such as knives, although
the underlying process of material removal is
the same, but with a different purpose – to
produce a sharp edge rather than to reduce size.
52. Importance
The surface finish obtained is obviously much
better than can be obtained through a chisel or
a file
54. Drying
Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the
removal of water or another solvent by evaporation
from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. This process is
often used as a final production step before selling
or packaging products.
55. Types of Drying
Sun Drying
Solar Drying
Hot-Air Dryers
Heat-Surfaced Dryer
60. Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a technique used for the
separation of particles from a solution according to
their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium
androtor speed.
63. Types of
Centrifugation
Density gradient centrifugation is the separation of
molecules where the separation is based on the
density of the molecules as they pass through a
density gradient under a centrifugal force.
64. Types of
Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is a type of centrifugation
process in which components are separately settled
down a centrifuge tube by applying a series of
increasingcentrifugal force.
65. Types of
Centrifugation
Isopycnic centrifugation is a type of centrifugation
where the particles in a sample are separated on the
basis of their densities as centrifugal force is applied
to the sample.
66. Types of
Centrifugation
Rate-zonal density gradient centrifugation is a type
of centrifugation that separates particles on the
basis of their shape as size and works on the same
principle of density gradient centrifugation but
works in a different way.
67. Types of
Centrifugation
Differential velocity centrifugation is a type of
centrifugation process in which components are
separately settled down a centrifuge tube by
applying a series of increasing velocities.
69. Types of
Centrifugation
Sucrose gradient centrifugation is a type of density
gradient centrifugation where the density gradient
is formed of sucrose by changing the concentration
of sucrose.
