Latex Tutorial: Equations, Figures, Tables and VTU thesis etc.

1. BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
AVALAHALLI, DODDABALLAPUR ROAD
YELAHANKA – BANGALORE - 64
INTRODUCTION
TO
DOCUMENT PREPARATION SYSTEM: LATEX
Dr. M. C. HANUMANTHARAJU
(mchanumantharaju@gmail.com / mchanumantharaju@bmsit.in)
Associate Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
BMS Institute of Technology
1. INTRODUCTION TO LATEX
 Pronounced as LAY-Tek/Laitek/Leytek/LAH-tek
 Document Preparation System and document markup language
 Used in publication of scientific documents in many fields of engineering
 Plays a prominent role in publication of books and articles
 LaTeX uses typesetting program for formatting its output and is written in TeX
macro language.
 Widely used in Academia.
 LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system or as an
intermediate format.
 Earlier, LaTeX was started as a writing tool by mathematicians and computer
scientists.
 LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport.
 The current version of LaTeX is LaTeX2e.
 Latex is a free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License
(LPPL)
 LaTeX source generates a number of outputs: pdf, dvi, html, rtf, ps and so on.

2.  The output is concerned with placing boxes around the page and boxes are in turn
are combined to form other boxes.
Typesetting System
 LaTeX is based on Donald E Knuth’s Tex typesetting
 LaTex follows the design philosophy of separating presentation from content.
 The authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending
simultaneously to its visual appearance.
 In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using
simple concepts such as chapter, section, table, figure, etc.,
 Authors leave the formatting and layout of these structures to LaTeX system.
 LaTeX can be arbitrarily extended by using underlying macro language to develop
custom formats.
 The macros are often collected into packages and are available to address special
formatting issues such as complex mathematics or graphics.
 Indeed, in the example, below, the align environment is provided by the amsmath
package
“LaTeX is not a word processor! Instead, LaTeX encourages authors not to worry
too much about the appearance of their documents but to concentrate on getting the
right content”
Consider this document

3.  To produce this in most typesetting or word-processing systems, the author would have to
decide
 What layout to use,
 18 pt Times Roman for the title
 12 pt Times Italic for the name, and so on.
This has two results: authors wasting their time with designs; and many badly designed
documents!
In a Nutshell, the disadvantages of MS-Word are as follows:
Disadvantages of MS-Word
 Lack of control.
 Focus is needed on Contents & Presentation at the same time.
 Great effort is required to format for Specific Conferences & Journals.
 It is hard to change from one format to other.
 Difficult to manage with different Versions.
 It is tricky to handle references.
Disadvantages of LaTeX
 You need to learn how to use it.
 It is not completely intuitive (for some people).
LaTeX Example
LaTeX is based on the idea:
 It is better to leave document design to document designers, and
 Let authors get on with writing documents.

4. So, in LaTeX you would input this document as:
o This document is an article.
o Its title is Cartesian closed categories and the price of eggs.
o Its author is Jane Doe.
o It was written in September 1994.
o The document consists of a title followed by the text Hello world!
The example below shows the LaTeX input and corresponding output
Simple Latex
documentclass{article}
LaTeX Input
documentclass[12pt]{article}
usepackage{amsmath}
title{LaTeX}
date{}
begin{document}
maketitle
LaTeX{} is a document preparation system for the TeX{}
typesetting program. It offers programmable desktop
publishing features and extensive facilities for
automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop
publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing,
tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, and
much more. LaTeX{} was originally written in 1984 by
Leslie Lamport and has become the dominant method for
using TeX; few people write in plain TeX{} anymore.

5. The current version is LaTeXe.
% This is a comment, not shown in final output.
% The following shows typesetting power of LaTeX:
begin{align}
E_0 &= mc^2
E &= frac{mc^2}{sqrt{1-frac{v^2}{c^2}}}
end{align}
end{document}
Output Rendered
2. LaTeX Installation Steps
It is required to download the two software’s
1. A Compiler: Miketex/TeXLive/Tetex :
2. A Editor: Texmaker/TeXworks/TeXnicCenter/Winedt/LEd:
The links to the software’s mentioned above are as follows:

6. An Compiler
http://miktex.org/download
An Editor
http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/
http://www.tug.org/texworks/
http://www.texniccenter.org/download/
http://www.latexeditor.org/
Using LaTex without Software
If you do not Latex Software: Don’t Worry*
However if you internet connectivity then use the following link to run LaTeX code and render
its output
https://www.writelatex.com
 Install the Software
 Create your first document in LaTeX
3. Syntax & Semantics of LaTeX
LaTeX Mathematics Demonstration
INSTALLATION
DEMO
Demonstration 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
documentclass{article}
usepackage{amsmath}
usepackage{amssymb}
begin{document}
title{This is a Math tutorial by Dr. M. C Hanumantharaju}
maketitle
This is inline (n) Math symbol % Displays symbol n in same line
This is inline $n$ Math symbol % Alternate method

7. This is a newline displayed $$n$$ Math symbol % Displays symbol n in new line
This is a newline displayed [n] Math symbol % Alternate Method
$frac{x}{y}$ % Fraction x/y
$n^n$ % Superscript : nn
end{document}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Demonstration 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% In this tutorial we will go over following features:
% Latex amsmath package
% Latex equation environment
% Using Simple equations like x = y + z
% Using Summation in equations
% Using Integration in equations
% Using Cases in equation (if condition based values of a variable)
% Using fractions to write multiple-row equations
documentclass{article}
usepackage{amsmath}
usepackage{amssymb}
begin{document}
title{Writing Equations} % Displays title as “Writing Equations”
maketitle
begin{equation}
% Begin equation(s) with numbering, No line spacing is allowed in equations
x = y + z % Simple equation: x = y + z

8. f(x) = x ^ 2 % Function: f(x)=x2
f(x) = x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + ......+ x_n % Series function
f(x) = sum_{i=1}^{n} {x_i} % Summation
f(x) = int_{i=1}^{n}{x_i} % Integration
% Cases
X=
begin{cases} % Case begins here
5, text{if X is divisible by 5} % First choice
10, text {if X is divisible by 10} % Second choice
-1, text {otherwise} % Third choice
end{cases} % end of case
% Summation usage in fraction
X =
frac{substack{sum_{i=1}^{n} {x_i}}}
{substack{sum_{i=20}^{50} {x_i}}}
end{equation}
end{document}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Mathematical Equations
Observe the output in each example
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Super-scripts
$2x^3$ % Text line math
$$2x^3$$
$$2x^34$$
$$2x^{34}$$
$$2x^{3x+4} $$
$$2x^{3x^4+5} $$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Sub-script
$$x_1$$
$$x_{12}$$
$${x_1}_2$$
$${{x_1}_2}_3$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Greek Letters
$$pi$$
$$alpha$$
$$A = pi r^2$$
$$A, beta, B, gamma, Gamma, pi, Pi, phi, varphi, Phi$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Trigonometric Functions
$$sin(x)$$
$$cos(x)$$
$$y = sin(x)$$
$$cos (2theta) = cos^2 theta - sin^2 theta$$
$$lim_{x to infty} exp(-x) = 0$$
$$a bmod b$$
$$x equiv a pmod b$$
$$frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = binom{n}{k}$$
$$frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = {n choose k}$$
$${n! over k!(n-k)!} = {n choose k}$$
$$^3/_7$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. % Log Functions
$$log(x)$$
$$ln(x)$$
$$log_5(x)$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Square Root
$$sqrt{2}$$
$$sqrt[3]{2}$$
$$sqrt{x^2+y^2}$$
$$sqrt{1 + sqrt{x}}$$
$$sqrt[n]{1+x+x^2+x^3+ldots}$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Multiplications
begin{equation}
frac{
begin{array}[b]{r}
left( x_1 x_2 right)
times left( x'_1 x'_2 right)
end{array}
}{
left( y_1y_2y_3y_4 right)
} end{equation}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Summations & Integrals
$$sum_{i=1}^{10} t_i$$
$$int_0^infty mathrm{e}^{-x},mathrm{d}x$$
$$bigoplus$$
$int y mathrm{d}x$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Fractions
% In line mathematics mode
% Latex format for fractions is : frac{}{}
% within first curly bracket type Numerator
% type Denominator within the second curly
bracket
About 2/3 of the class is full
About $2/3$ of the class is full
About $frac{2}{3}$ of the class is full
$(frac{n}{2})$
$$frac{x}{x^2+x+1}$$
$$frac{sqrt{x+1}}{sqrt{x-1}}$$
$$frac{1}{1+frac{1}{x}} $$
$$sqrt{frac{x}{x^2+x+1}}$$
$$frac{frac{1}{x}+frac{1}{y}}{y-z}$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parenthesis
$$(x+1)$$
$$3[2+(x+2)]$$
$${a,b,c}$$ % No curly brackets
$${a,b,c}$$
$$$12.5$$ % Prints the dollar sign
$$3(frac{2}{5})$$ % Bracket appears very small

12. $$3left(frac{2}{5}right)$$ % Bracket enlarges for the fraction
$$3left[frac{2}{5}right]$$ % Square bracket for the fraction
$$3left{frac{2}{5}right}$$ % Curly brackets for the fraction
$$|x|$$ % Absolute value
$$|frac{x}{x+1}|$$ % Small absolute for fraction
$$left|frac{x}{x+1}right| $$ % Large square bracket for fraction
$$left{x^2right.$$ % One sided bracket
$$left|frac{dx}{dy}right|_{x=1}$$ % Absolute bracket with subscript
$$( a ), [ b ], { c }, | d |, | e |,$$
$$langle f rangle, lfloor g rfloor,$$
$$lceil h rceil, ulcorner i urcorner$$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Matrices
$ left(
begin{array} {c c c}
1 & 2 & 3
4 & 5 & 6
7 & 8 & 9
end{array}
right)
$

13. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$begin{matrix}
a & b & c
d & e & f
g & h & i
end{matrix}$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$A_{m,n} =
begin{pmatrix}
a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & cdots & a_{1,n}
a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & cdots & a_{2,n}
vdots & vdots & ddots & vdots
a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & cdots & a_{m,n}
end{pmatrix}$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Matrix in Running Text
A matrix in text must be set smaller:
$bigl(begin{smallmatrix}
a&b c&d
end{smallmatrix} bigr)$
to not increase leading in a portion of text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Latex Table Demonstration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{table}
caption{My First Table}
centering
begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|}
hline
Head 1 & Head 2 & Head 3 & Head 4
hline
1 & 2 & 3 & 4
hline

14. end{tabular}
label{tab:MyFirstTable}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table row=4, column =3 without border
begin{table}
begin{tabular}{lll}
22 & 22 & 21
43 & 11 & 13
65 & 12 & 11
21 & 34 & 98
end{tabular}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table row=4, column =3 with border
begin{table}[ht]
begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
hline
22 & 22 & 21 hline
43 & 11 & 13 hline
65 & 12 & 11 hline
21 & 34 & 98 hline
end{tabular}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table with border and caption
begin{table}
begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|}
hline
22 & 22 & 21 hline
43 & 11 & 13 hline
65 & 12 & 11 hline
21 & 34 & 98 hline
end{tabular}
caption {Table with Border}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table with adding borders around
begin{table}

15. begin{tabular}{|lll|}
hline
22 & 22 & 21
43 & 11 & 13
65 & 12 & 11
21 & 34 & 98 hline
end{tabular}
caption {Table with adding borders around}
end{table}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Latex Figures Demonstration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{figure}
centering
{ includegraphics[height=2in,width=3in]{test.jpg}
label{fig:subfig3}
}
caption{This is an Example of Test Image}
end{figure}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.5textwidth}
vspace{-20pt}
begin{center}
includegraphics[width=0.48textwidth]{gull}
end{center}
vspace{-20pt}
caption{A gull}
vspace{-10pt}
end{wrapfigure}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
begin{figure*}
caption{textbf{First Row} : RGB to Y, RGB to Cb, RGB to Cr, textbf{Second Row} : YCbCr
to R, YCbCr to G, YCbCr to B}
centering
begin{tabular}{ccc}
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/rgb2y.jpg} &
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/rgb2cb.jpg} &

16. includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/rgb2cr.jpg}
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/ycbcr2r.jpg} &
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/ycbcr2g.jpg} &
includegraphics[height=4.5cm,width=4.3cm]{figures/ycbcr2b.jpg}
end{tabular}
end{figure*}
% Six Pictures of 2x3 format
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. IEEE/Springer/Elsevier Format Paper Writing using Latex
1. Download IEEE template from the following link:
o http://www.ieee.org/conferences_events/conferences/publishing/templates.html
o Download windows latex and bibliography files
o Extract into new folder
o Run using Latex
software
2. Download Springer template (LNCS) from the following link
IEEE Paper
Writing
DEMO
o The Springer Template may be obtained from the link provided below:
o http://www.springer.com/computer/lncs?SGWID=0-164-6-793341-0
o Download both typeinst.zip and llncs2e.zip
o Follow the steps illustrated in IEEE paper writing
3. Download Elsevier template from the following link
Springer
Paper
Writing
DEMO
o http://www.elsevier.com/author-schemas/preparing-crc-journal-articles-with-latex
o Follow the steps similar to that of IEEE paper demo

17. 6. Book Editing
The template for editing Book using latex may be found from the link:
https://www.sharelatex.com/templates/books
7. Thesis Formulation
 VTU Ph.D thesis may be downloaded from the link provided below:
 http://research.vtu.ac.in/research/materials.html
 Unzip and start editing each chapters
8. Conclusions
 Latex is a free
 Latex is available for many machines
 Latex files are ASCII and are portable
 One can use editor of your choice.
 Typesetting is better, especially the mathematics
 Style changes are better in LaTeX. Style files for many periodicals exist.
 LaTeX is extensible. If you want a new feature, you can look around for a free add-on or
write one yourself.
 In Latex font selection is difficult compared to word.
 Latex is not good for flowing text around pictures.
 LaTeX encourages (almost insists on) structured writing and the separation of style from
content. This is not the way that many people (especially non-programmers) are used to
working.
 Without a WYSIWYG front end, it's not always easy to find out how to do things.

18. “However,
World’s available best thesis/Books/Articles/Research papers are usually written in
Latex”.
References
Text books & Other Information for Learning Usage of Latex
1. LaTeX: A document preparation system, User's guide and reference manual by Leslie
Lamport, 2nd edition, ISBN 0-201-52983-1.
2. The LaTeX Companion, 2nd edition (TTCT series) by Frank Mittelbach, Michel Goossens,
Johannes Braams, David Carlisle, Chris Rowley ISBN 0-201-36299-6.
3. LaTeX Beginner's Guide by Stefan Kottwitz, ISBN 978-1847199867.
4. Guide to LaTeX, by Helmut Kopka, 4th Edition: This book is an excellent reference to
LaTeX
5. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX : Latex Examples
6. http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~hildebr/tex/tips-topten.html : Latex Tips
7. http://www.tablesgenerator.com/ : Latex Table Editor
8. http://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php : Latex Equation Editor
Thank you for your patience
&
For any queries on Latex mail/call me at
mchanumantharaju@gmail.com / mchanumantharaju@bmsit.in
9742290764