SSIP Gr. Report.

A Graduate Report on
“Water Distribution System”
In the Partial Fulfilment of The Requirement for The Award of Degree of
Master of Technology in
TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING
Semester- 1
Under the subject of
Smart and Sustainable Infrastructure Planning
(MTTC14101)
Prepared by:
Patel Hardik H.
(Roll No.: 09)
Under the guidance of
Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
CED, SCET CED, SCET
Year- 2022-23
Sarvajanik Education Society
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology,
Surat
P.G. Centre in
Civil Engineering Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to highly acknowledge and pay respect to all associates with this study at different
stages in presenting the report on “Water Distribution System”.
My sincere thanks to Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya, Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat for their kind
help in project. The Study work is most practical andexisting of my learning
experience which could be assets for me in my future career. It is my sincere duty to
thanks all those people who helped us directly and indirectly in this project.
I am heartily thankful to my parents who have always inspired and encourage me
throughout my life through all odds and blessed to me achieve all my goals.
Last but not the least, I am thankful to all those who have directly or indirectly helped
me in bringing my work to its present form.

Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat
Dr. R.K. Desai Marg, Opp. Mission Hospital, Athwalines, Surat, 395001
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report, submitted along with the study
entitled “Water Distribution System”. Which has been carried out by
Patel Hardik Harshadbhai under my guidance in partial fulfilment for
the degree of Masters in Technology (Town and Country Planning) in
Civil Engineering 1st Semester of Sarvajanik University, Surat during
academic year 2022. These students have successfully completed project
under my guidance.
Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
CED, SCET CED, SCET
SARVAJANIK UNIVERSITY, SURAT

Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat
Dr. R.K. Desai Marg, Opp. Mission Hospital, Athwalines, Surat, 395001
.
EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Graduate Report entitled “Water
Distribution System” submitted by Patel Hardik Harshadbhai in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Subject of the degree in
“MASTERS IN TECHNOLOGY (TOWN AND COUNTRY
PLANNING)” of the Sarvajanik University, Surat. The report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of work
prescribed for M.Tech degree.
Date: / / Internal Examiner:
External Examiner:
SARVAJANIK UNIVERSITY, SURAT

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Graduate Report submitted for the study entitled
“Water Distribution System” submitted in partial fulfillment for the
degree of Masters in Technology(Town and Country Planning) in Civil
engineering to Sarvajanik University, Surat, is a bonafide record of the
study work carried out at “Sarvajanik University, Surat” under the
supervision of Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya, Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat that no
part of any of these project reports has been directly copied from any
students reports or taken from any other source,without providing due
reference.
Enrollment No. Name of Students Sign of Students
09 PATEL HARDIK H.

Sarvajanik University | i
Contents
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Source of water ........................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Surface source.....................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Subsurface sources ..............................................................................................................2
2. Water treatment process.............................................................................................................3
2.1 Process of water treatment........................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Screening……………………………………………………………………..........................4
2.1.2 Plain sedimentation .............................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Aeration ..............................................................................................................................5
2.1.4 Sedimentation with coagulation...........................................................................................5
2.1.5 Filtration .............................................................................................................................5
2.1.6 Disinfection.........................................................................................................................5
2.1.7 Softening.............................................................................................................................6
2.2 Storage of water .......................................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Types of Reservoirs.............................................................................................................6
3. Water distribution.......................................................................................................................8
3.1 Gravity system .........................................................................................................................8
3.2 Pumping system..................................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Combined gravity and pumping system.................................................................................. 11
4. System of water supply ............................................................................................................. 12
4.1 Continuous system ................................................................................................................. 12
4.2 Intermittent system................................................................................................................. 13
4.3 Layout of Distribution............................................................................................................ 13
4.3.1 Dead end or tree system..................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2 Grid iron system................................................................................................................ 15
4.3.3 Circular or ring system ...................................................................................................... 16
4.3.4 Radial system .................................................................................................................... 16
5. Case study: Analysis of continuous water distribution in Surat city using EPANET
software……………………………………………………………………………………………...17
Concluding Remark...................................................................................................................... 20
References ..................................................................................................................................... 20

Sarvajanik University | ii
List of Figures
Fig.1 Source of drinking water..........................................................................................................1
Fig.2 Surface source of water............................................................................................................2
Fig.3 Surface source of water............................................................................................................2
Fig.4 Water treatment process...........................................................................................................3
Fig.5 Screening.................................................................................................................................4
Fig. 6 Surface Reservoir....................................................................................................................7
Fig.7 Elevated water tank..................................................................................................................7
Fig.8 Water distribution network.......................................................................................................8
Fig.9 Gravity flow water distribution system.....................................................................................9
Fig.10 Pumping system of distribution............................................................................................ 10
Fig.11 Combined gravity and pumping system................................................................................ 11
Fig.12 Continuous system............................................................................................................... 12
Fig.13 Intermittent system............................................................................................................... 13
Fig. 14 Dead end or tree system ...................................................................................................... 14
Fig. 15 Grid iron system.................................................................................................................. 15
Fig. 16 Circular or ring system........................................................................................................ 16
Fig. 17 Radial system...................................................................................................................... 16
Fig. 18 Map of Punagam area, Surat city.............................................................................................18
Fig. 19 Network diagram of WDS ESR-E9.........................................................................................19
Fig. 20 Network diagram of WDS ESR-E10.......................................................................................19
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Water Distribution System
Sarvajanik University 1
1. Introduction
Water is the most precious gift of nature. It is most crucial for sustaining life and is required in
almost all the activities of mankind i.e., domestic use, industrial use, for irrigation; to meet the
growing food and fibre needs, power generation, navigation, recreation etc., and also required
for animal consumption.
The common source of water mainly comprises of rain water, surface water, ground water and
water obtained from reclamation. The development, conservation and use of water form one of
the main elements in country’s development planning, in terms of water.
Water management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and optimum use of
water resources under defined water polices and regulations.
1.1 Source of water
 Surface source
 Subsurface source
Fig.1 Source of drinking water
(Source: Source of water supply)
1.1.1 Surface source
 Rivers are a major type of surface water. Surface water is a key component to the
hydrologic cycle. Surface water is any body of water above ground, including streams,

rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks. The ocean, despite being saltwater, is also
considered surface water.
 Pond, lake, streams, rivers, natural pond, storage, reservoir and ocean.
Fig.2 Surface source of water
(Source: Source of water, public work group)
1.1.2 Subsurface sources
 water that occurs below the surface of Earth, where it occupies all or part of the void spaces
in soils or geologic strata. subsurface water to distinguish it from surface water, which is
found in large bodies like the oceans or lakes or which flows overland in streams.
 Springs, infiltration galleries, infiltration wells, wells and tube wells.
Fig.3 Surface source of water
(Source: Source of water, public work group)

2. Water treatment process
Public drinking water systems use different water treatment methods to provide safe drinking
water for their communities. Public water systems often use a series of water treatment steps
that include screening, sedimentation, aeriation, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration,
disinfection and softening.
2.1 Process of water treatment
Fig.4 Water treatment process
(Source: Water resource systems planning and management)
 Screening
 Plain sedimentation
 Aeriation
 Sedimentation with coagulation
 Filtration
 Disinfection
 Softening

2.1.1 Screening
Screening is a wastewater pre-treatment, which aims to prevent coarse solids, such as plastics,
rags and other trash, from entering a sewage system or treatment plant, leaves, brushes,
branches, debris etc.
A screen is a device with openings generally of uniform size for removing bigger suspended
or floating matter in wastewater. The screening element may consist of parallel bars, rods,
gratings or wire meshes or perforated plates and the openings may be of any shape although
generally they are circular or rectangular screens may be coarse, medium or fine.
Solids get trapped by inclined screens or bar racks. The spacing between the bars usually is 15
to 40 mm, depending on cleaning patterns. Depends upon the velocity, increase the opening
area its increase the screening speed. Speed is 0.75 to 1 m/s.
Fig.5 Screening
(Source: Industrial water and waste water treatment plant)
2.1.2 Plain sedimentation
Plain sedimentation is the process of removing suspended matter from the water by storing it
in tanks. Removing suspended particles like soil, clay, gravels by gravitational forces. Depends
upon velocity of water, density of water, shaped and size of particles. Removing suspended
material up to 60% and bacteria 75%. Period of time 6 to 8 hrs. Depth of tank 3 to 6 mts.
Velocity of process 5 mm/s or 30 cm/min.

2.1.3 Aeration
Aeration is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a liquid
or substance. Aeration brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases
and to oxidize dissolved metals, including iron, hydrogen sulphide, and volatile organic
chemicals.
2.1.4 Sedimentation with coagulation
In water treatment sedimentation might be used to reduce the concentration of particles in
suspension before the application of coagulation, to reduce the amount of coagulating
chemicals needed, or after coagulation and, possibly, flocculation.
Add coagulation like alum, lime, sodium aluminates, magnesium carbonate, ferric coagulant.
Decrease time period – 2 to 6 hrs. Use when turbidity of water is 45 ppm.
2.1.5 Filtration
During filtration, the clear water passes through filters that have different pore sizes and are
made of different materials (such as sand, gravel, and charcoal). These filters remove dissolved
particles and germs, such as dust, chemicals, parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
2.1.6 Disinfection
After the water has been filtered, water treatment plants may add one or more chemical
disinfectants such as chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide to kill any remaining parasites,
bacteria, or viruses. Process to killing pathogenic bacteria and safe to the public use its called
disinfection. The process of applying chlorine in a small quantity of water is called
chlorination. Method of removing disinfection,
1) Physical Method:
 Disinfection by heat
 Disinfection by light
2) Chemical Method:
 Oxidizing chemicals
 Metal ions
 Alkalis and acids
 Surface active chemicals

2.1.7 Softening
Water softening is a process in which the ions of calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron are
removed. It is these ions in hard water that make it difficult for products with other positively
charged ions to dissolve in the water. By doing this, the water softening removes the offending
minerals from the water. Range of harness for public use is 75 to 115 mg/lit. Process of
removing hardness,
1) Temporary Hardness:
 Boiling
 Adding lime
2) Permanent Hardness:
 Lime soda hardness
 Zeolite process
 Demineralization
2.2 Storage of water
Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoir, are the storage reservoir, which store the
treated water for supplying water during emergencies such as during fires, repairs etc. and also
to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.
2.2.1 Types of Reservoirs
 Ground reservoir
 Elevated reservoir
1) Ground Reservoirs:
 These reservoirs are also called as a surface reservoir. Which are mostly circular or
rectangular tank. Underground reservoirs are preferred especially when the size is large.
 These reservoirs are constructed on high natural grounds and usually made of stones,
bricks, plain or reinforced cement concrete.
 The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the water, when the reservoir is full
and the earth pressure when it is empty. The position of ground water table is also
considered while designing these reservoirs.
 The floors of these reservoirs may be constructed with R.C.C slab or square stone blocks
resting on columns.

 To obtain water tightness bitumen compounds are used at all construction joint. At the top
of roof about 60cm thick earth layer is deposited and maintained green lawns to protect the
reservoir from cold and heat.
 For aeration of water and inspection, ventilation pipes and stairs are provided.
Fig. 6 Surface Reservoir
(Source: Water storage tanks, rainbow tanks)
2) Elevated Reservoir:
 These are the elliptical overhead tanks erected at certain suitable elevation above the ground
level and supported on towers. Also known as a water tower, will create a pressure at the
ground level outlet of 1 KPA per 10.2 cm or 1 PSI per 2.31 feet of elevation.
 They are constructed in areas combined gravity and pumping system for water distribution
is adopted.
 Water pumped into these elevated tanks from the filter units or from the service reservoirs
and then supplied to consumers.
 These reservoirs may be made of R.C.C, steel or prestressed concrete.
Fig.7 Elevated water tank
(Source: Overhead tank design works)

3. Water distribution
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that
carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy
residential, commercial, industrial and firefighting requirements. A water distribution system
consists of pipelines, storage facilities, pumps, and other accessories.
Fig.8 Water distribution network
(Source: Water distribution system methods)
For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required at various points. Depending
upon the level of source to distribution system by following ways,
 Gravity system
 Pumping system
 Combined gravity and pumping system
3.1 Gravity system
When the distribution reservoir is located at a higher elevation than the target community; then
water is supplied with the gravity flow and such a system is called Gravity Flow Water
Distribution System. When some sources of supply like lake and impounding reservoir and
also the river is well above the level of city, this system is the most suitable. Due to the
gravitational forces the water is flowing in the mains. It proves to be most dependable because
pumping is not required for supplying water.

Fig.9 Gravity flow water distribution system
(Source: dreamcivil.com)
This method is much more suitable when the source is the river or impounded reservoir at
sufficient height than the target community. Usually pumping water is not required at any stage
of this type of distribution. In hilly or high-altitude regions, water supply is generally done by
the gravity method. There is no control of water pressure in pipelines. Due to the high gradient,
the velocity of water is also very high. So, Brake Pressure Tanks are built at suitable distances
to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the pipe. This prevents the bursting of pipes.
i. Advantages of gravity flow water distribution system:
 No energy is required to operate the system as water is conveyed by gravity.
 No pump is required.
 Economical for long-term use.
ii. Disadvantages of gravity flow water distribution system:
 Not applicable in plain or flat terrain where an elevation source of water supply is not
available.
 Water loss by leakage is comparatively higher.
 Requirement of break pressure tanks to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the pipelines.

3.2 Pumping system
The treated water is directly pumped into distribution mains without storing in high level
reservoirs. High lift pump is provided for forcing water into mains. Since the water is
fluctuating the pumps have to operate at various rate during the whole day. A continuous
attendance is required at the pumping station to regulate the flow by running only the required
number of pumps out of total number of pump install.
Fig.10 Pumping system of distribution
(Source: Classification of water distribution system)
During failure of pump and electric supply the water supply to the town may be interrupted to
avoid this it is desirable to have some units of pump running on diesel. Pumping system can
supply the required quantity of water for firefighting by running all pumps including standby.
The system is costly and its use should be discouraged as far as possible. The pumps are used
to improve the required head (pressure) to distribute water to the consumers and storage
reservoir.
i. Advantages of pumping system:
 Large quantity of water available in case of fire.
 Suitable for any type of topography.
ii. Disadvantages of pumping system:
 The operation and maintenance of pumping supply system are complicated.
 Sufficient water required.
 Not economical.

 More losses and wastage.
 Pumping supply system depends on reliable power supply.
3.3 Combined gravity and pumping system
Combined gravity and pumping system use both pumps and storage reservoirs. Treated water
is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir. After that with the help of the action
of gravity, the treated water supplies to the consumer. During low demand periods the reservoir
stores the excess water and during high demand period supplies. This system is very common
productive, economical and dependable.
Fig.11 Combined gravity and pumping system
(Source: Classification of water distribution systema)
i. Advantages of combined gravity and pumping system:
 The system is economical, efficient and reliable and adopted practically everywhere.
 Pumping at constant rate increases efficiency.
 Special supervision is not required.
 Fire demand efficiently met with.
 Water is available even during failure of pump and power.

4. System of water supply
Water supply systems are networking whose edges and nodes are pressure pipes and either pipe
junctions, water sources or end-users, respectively. Their function is to provide end-users with
potable water with a sufficient pressure level. There are two methods of water supply system.
i. Continuous system
ii. Intermittent system
4.1 Continuous system
A continuous system of water supply is the best method in which the water is supplied to the
community during all 24 hours of the day. It is possible when adequate quantity of water is
available for supply. For firefighting purpose, the sample of water is available all time and
because of nonstop circulation water remains fresh. Laser diameter pipes are required in this
system and rusting of pipes will also be less. If there are leakage then losses will be more.
Fig.12 Continuous system
(Source: dreamcivil.com)
Water demand is high during morning and evening time whereas very low during night time.
To tackle peak demand and hourly fluctuations, balancing reservoirs are commonly utilized.
Balancing reservoir gets recharged during low demand time and serves during peak demand
time.

4.2 Intermittent system
The working of the intermittent system is quite simple. At first, the distribution area is divided
into several zones. Then, water is supplied to only a few zones based on the schedule. This is
done to maintain the proper pressure at the consumer’s tap.
This system is different than the continuous system as in this system, if adequate quantity of
water is not available then the water supply is divided into various zones and each of the zone
supplies water for fixed time in a day or an alternate basis. Because the water is delivered after
intervals, this system is known as intermittent system.
Fig.13 Intermittent system
(Source: Water distribution and waste water system)
Consumers are generally advised to treat the water from the intermittent system as water
becomes stagnant in-service reservoirs. Bleaching powder is also used to maintain the residual
chlorine level. The working of the intermittent system is quite simple. At first, the distribution
area is divided into several zones. Then, water is supplied to only a few zones based on the
schedule. This is done to maintain the proper pressure at the consumer’s tap.
4.3 Layout of Distribution
In this system, a closed ring, either circular or rectangular, of the main pipes, is formed around
the area to be served; The distribution area is divided into rectangular or circular blocks, and
the main water pipes are laid on the periphery of the blocks.

1. Dead end or tree system
2. Grid iron system
3. Circular or ring system
4. Radial system
4.3.1 Dead end or tree system
Dead end system is appropriate for the towns or for the cities which are irregularly developed.
The dead-end system is also referred to as a tree system. This system consists of one main pipe
from which several sub-mains bifurcate, and from each sub-main several separate branch pipes,
called laterals. From laterals, connections are given to different houses. This system is easy to
design and is cheap and simple.
Fig. 14 Dead end or tree system
(Source: Drongowski, 2011)
i. Advantages of Dead-End Water Distribution System:
 Relatively cheap.
 Design and calculation of the dead-end system are easy.
 Determination of discharge and pressure easier due to less number of valves.
ii. Disadvantages of Dead-End Water Distribution System:
 Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes.
 The single pipeline serves the region. One problem in the pipeline may lead to a cut-off
of the water supply of a large area.
 Discharge of water is relatively low.

4.3.2 Grid iron system
A grid iron water distribution system is called a reticulation or interlaced system. The system
consists of one main pipe, which runs through the centre and consists of branches and laterals,
which run in a grid pattern. Since the mains, branches, and laterals are interconnected, dead
ends are laminated, and water reaches different locations through more than one route. By
closing cut-off valves of other areas’ pipes, water can be diverted to the affected area at the
time of the fire. There is significantly less chance of recontamination because there are no dead
ends.
Fig. 15 Grid iron system
(Source: Civilmint building civilization)
i. Advantages of Grid iron system:
 The absence of a dead-end reduces the chances of pollution due to stagnation.
 During repair and maintenance work, the small region is only affected.
 Availability of enough water at street fire hydrants.
ii. Disadvantages of Grid iron system:
 Requirement of a massive number of cut-off valves.
 Requirement of longer pipes with a larger diameter.
 Difficult to determine discharge, pressure, and velocities in the pipelines.
 less economical.

4.3.3 Circular or ring system
In the ring water distribution system, the supply main forms a ring around the distribution area.
The branches are connected cross-wise to the mains and also to each other. This system is most
reliable for a town with well-planned streets and roads.
Fig. 16 Circular or ring system
(Source: Dreamcivil)
i. Advantages of circular or ring system:
 Minimum head loss due to less number of interconnections.
 High discharge.
 Very few consumers are affected during repair and maintenance work.
ii. Disadvantages of circular or ring system:
 High initial cost due to requiring more pipes and valves compared to other systems.
4.3.4 Radial system
In this system, the city is divided into parts, and each contains a centrally located distribution
reservoir (elevated). The distribution pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery and
are connected to the central distribution reservoir.
Fig. 17 Radial system
(Source: Dreamcivil)

5. A Case study: Analysis of continuous water distribution in
Surat city using EPANET software
Surat is located on the western part of India in the state of Gujarat. It is one of the most dynamic
cities of India with one of the fastest growth rates due to migration from various parts of Gujarat
and other states of India. It has experienced a very rapid growth during the last 20 year with
highest decadal growth rate of 47% (Census, 2001) and second highest population density after
Ahmadabad due to its important location between Ahmadabad-Mumbai golden corridors.
Piped water supply system for the Surat City was started first time in year 1894 and first water
works was setup at Varachha. Initially water was supplied through surface water from the river
Tapti. Gradually, other sources of water came in to existence as the need aroused with respect
to population and industrial growth in the city. Main source of water for Surat is the river Tapi
flowing through the city. Surface water is drawn by intake wells from perennial channel of the
river throughout the year. Water thus drawn is treated by the water treatment plants and then
the same is supplied to the citizens after post chlorination. In the year 2006 area of Surat city
was increased from 12.28 km2 to 326.51 km2. Punagam area is a part of Surat city.
Objective of Study
 To study the existing water supply network of PUNAGAM area of SURAT city.
 To collect pipe report and junction report of existing network.
 To analyse the data by using EPANET software.
 To check the discharge & pressure head in existing network.
Study Area
Punagam area is a part of Surat city. Punagam area is located in East zone of Surat. The
population of study area is 2, 22,252. The study area covers residential area about 600.83 Ha.
When the water from the distribution network reaches to the Punagam area there is sudden
decrease in the pressure head due to which water related problems arises. Leakages, failure of
pipes and other factors are there which affects the water distribution network. Therefore, its
required to analyze the existing network of the Punagam area using EPANET and compared
computed result with actual result which is obtained from Surat Municipal Corporation. The
water distribution system of Punagam area i.e., WDS-E3 network systems ESR-E7, ESR-E8,
ESR-E9, ESR-E9A, ESR-E10. In this present paper analysis of WDS ESR-E9, WDS ESR-E9A
and WDS ESR-E10.

Fig. 18 Map of Punagam Area, Surat City
(Source: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management)
EPANET Software
The US Environmental Protection Agency created EPANET. It is a computer program that
simulates the hydraulic and water quality behavior of pressurized pipe networks over long
periods of time. Pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves, and storage tanks or reservoirs
comprise a network. EPANET monitors the flow of water in each pipe, the pressure at each
node, the water level in each tank, and so on. EPANET monitors the flow of water in each pipe,
the pressure at each node, the height of water in each tank, and the concentration of a chemical
species throughout the network over a time-step simulation period. Water age and source
tracking can be simulated in addition to chemical species.
EPANET is intended to be a research tool that will help us better understand the movement
and destiny of drinking water elements inside distribution networks. EPANET can assist in
evaluating alternate management techniques for improving water quality across a system.
EPANET, which runs on Windows, provides a unified interface for altering network input data,
executing hydraulic and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of
formats. The following input data files are required to evaluate the WDN using EPANET:
Junction report and Pipe report.
Results and Discussion
After collecting data of three distribution networks of Punagam area pressure, flow and velocity
have been computed using EPANET and by following the methodology described outputs by
EPANET are obtained. Analysis of results has been carried out and error between computed
results and actual results are compared for junction as well as pipe report of three distribution
networks.

Fig. 19 Network diagram of WDS ESR-E9
In junction report It includes 38 junctions. The result obtained using EPANET software for
WDS ESR-E9 is calculated. The error between actual pressure and the pressure computed using
EPANET software is also compared and there is fluctuation in the pressure head. For WDS
ESR-E9 jn-2, jn-4, jn-5, jn-6, jn-7, jn-9, jn-12, jn-13, jn-14, jn-16, jn-23, jn25, jn-26, jn-28, jn-
29, jn-30, jn-31 junction gives negative pressure. Pipe report of WDS ESR-E9 includes 52
pipes. The result obtained using EPANET software for WDS ESR-E9 is presented. The error
between actual flow and flow computed using EPANET software is compared. The error
between actual head loss & head loss computed EPANET software is also compared. The flow
computed using EPANET is nearly equal to the actual flow. The velocity computed using
EPANET is nearly equal to the actual velocity. The head loss computed using EPANET is
nearly equal to the actual head loss.
Fig. 20 Network diagram of WDS ESR-E10

It includes 47 junctions. The result obtained using EPANET software for WDS ESR-E10 is
calculated. The error between actual pressure and the pressure computed using EPANET
software is also compared. The pressure is computed using Hazen-William approach. For
WDS-ESR-E10 jn-2, jn-3, jn-4, jn-5, jn-6, jn-7, jn-8, jn-9, jn-11, jn-12, jn-15, jn17, jn-18, jn-
20, jn-21, jn-22, jn-27, jn-30, jn-31, jn-32, jn-33, jn-34, jn-35, jn-36, jn37, jn-41 junction gives
negative pressure. There is fluctuation in the pressure head. Pipe report of WDS ESR-E10
includes 65 pipes. The result obtained using EPANET software for WDS ESR-E10 is
presented. The error between actual flow and flow computed using EPANET software is
compared. The error between actual head loss & head loss computed EPANET software is also
compared. The flow computed using EPANET is nearly equal to the actual flow. The velocity
computed using EPANET is nearly equal to the actual velocity. The head loss computed using
EPANET is nearly equal to the actual head loss.
Concluding Remark
The adequate water supply to consumers is achieved not only by increasing production, but
also through maintaining an efficient distribution network. The basic function of a water
distribution system is to transport the water from the treatment facility to the customer. In
addition, distribution systems may also provide storage, as well as provide flow and pressure
adequate for fire protection. Water supply infrastructure is planned well to meet adequate
demand of water. But quality of provided infrastructure has not been up to the mark. The main
focused of case study is to analyze the water distribution network and identify deficiencies in
its analysis, implementation and its usage.
References
 Germanopoulos G. Jowitt, P.W. and Lumbers, J.P. “Assessing the reliability of water
supply and level of services for water distribution system.”
 Cullinane, M.J., Lansey, K.E. and Mays, L.W. “Optimization availability-based design of
water distribution networks.”
 A Report on water distribution system: methods and networks.
 Global Research and Development Journal.
 Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.

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