UNIVERSE , NOBLE PRIZE, NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES

1. Dr. HARSH MOHAN
P.G. DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS
M. L. N. COLLEGE
YAMUNA NAGAR
HARYANA

2.  INTRODUCTION
 BRIEF HISTORY
 APPLICATION
 NEW AVENUES

4. 11 January 2013 MLN College Yamuna Nagar

5. The Milky Way Spiral Galaxy You are here
MLN College Yamuna Nagar

6. The Milky Way Local Group: Satellites
You are here
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7. The Milky Way Local Group: including Andromeda Galaxy
You are
here

8. The Virgo Supercluster: containing Virgo Cluster and our Local Group
Each dot is a bright galaxy. Milky Way is dot in the exact centre.
You are
here

9. Our Neighbouring Superclusters: Virgo Supercluster at the centre
Note the presence of filaments and voids in an irregular cellular pattern.
50Mpc
You are
here

10. On the largest distance scales the Universe appears
smooth, with no further structures
You are
here
MLN College Yamuna Nagar

11. Prehistory: Ancient Theories: (Speculative, Philosophical)
The riddle `What are we made of ?’ has kept both ancient
and modern thinkers busy. This has been an ancient project,
which the moderns have carried considerably further.
Universe:
Search for existence and interactions of few fundamental
entities to explain all observed phenomena. Indian, Greek
& Chinese made efforts to comprehend structure and
activities of the universe.
Their ideas have interesting appeal even today, as these may
help us to look for the modern physics.

12. Basic Realization:
All Phenomena are transformations of Matter in Space & Time
a) Greeks:-
Atomic theory of Greeks (Democritus, Epicurus) developed during
5th & 4th centuries B. C.
b) Chinese:-
They developed five element system of classification at least around
4th century B.C. However, they put more emphasis on relation
rather than the substance (S-matrix & Bootstrap).
c) Indians:-
Ancient Indian philosophy full of thoughts on problems of reality since
Vedic times (<1500BC). An integrated view of matter and
consciousness in a rational way, assigning spiritual meaning to the
existence.

13. Scientific Inquiry
Scientists use experimental results to test
scientific models, such as the model of the
atom.
When experimental results are not
consistent with the predictions of a scientific
model, the model must be revised or
replaced.

14. Scientific Inquiry
• What is theoretical physics?
Theoretical physicists use mathematics to describe certain
aspects of Nature. Sir Isaac Newton was the first theoretical
physicist, although in his own time his profession was called
"natural philosophy". By Newton's era people had already
used algebra and geometry to build marvelous works of
architecture, including the great cathedrals of Europe, but
algebra and geometry only describe things that are sitting still.
In order to describe things that are moving or changing in
some way, Newton invented calculus

15. Scientific Inquiry
• The most puzzling and intriguing moving things visible to
humans have always been the sun, the moon, the planets and
the stars we can see in the night sky. Newton's new calculus,
combined with his "Laws of Motion", made a mathematical
model for the force of gravity that not only described the
observed motions of planets and stars in the night sky, but also
of swinging weights.
• Both experiments and theories are much more complex than
back in Newton's time. Theorists are exploring areas of
Nature in mathematics that technology so far does not allow
us to observe in experiments.

16. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017
Rainer Weiss Barry C. Barish Kip S. Thorne
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the
observation of gravitational waves".
Dr. Weiss, 85, Dr. Thorne, 77, and Dr. Barish, 81, were the architects and leaders
of LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory, the instrument
that detected the gravitational waves, and of a sister organization, the LIGO
Scientific Collaboration, of more than a thousand scientists who analyzed the data

18. Cosmic chirps
• About a hundred years ago, Einstein predicted the
existence of gravitational waves, but until now, they
were undetectable
The two black holes emitted gravitational waves for many million years as they
rotated around each other. They got closer and closer, before merging to
become one black hole in a few tenths of a second. The waves then reached a
crescendo which, to us on Earth, 1.3 billion light years away, sounded like
cosmic chirps that came to an abrupt stop.

20. • A laser beam that bounces between the mirrors measures the
change in the lengths of the arms. If nothing happens, the
bouncing light beams from the laser cancel each other out when
they meet at the corner of the L. However, if either of the
interferometer’s arms changes length, the light travels different
distances, so the light waves lose synchronization and the
resulting light’s intensity changes where the beams meet.
The detectors have now seen the universe shake four times
and many more discoveries are expected. India and Japan
are also building new gravitational wave observatories. With
several experiments located far apart, researchers should be
able to precisely identify where the signals are coming from.

21. Historical Developments:
a) Before the turn of 1900:-
•Classical Physics:-
(It had a large number of parameters for describing
various
physical phenomena).
•Radiation:
Light established as wave (Young).
•Matter:
States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma
All variety of Matter: Mixture -> Compounds -> Elements
Organic (~105
) and inorganic (~103
) molecules are form by (~100) atoms (J.
Dalton 1809).

22. b) After the turn of 1900:- (Work of great Beauty and Simplicity)
Theoretical:
Relativity (A. Einstein 1905)
•Quantum Theory:
Pre-Quantum Mechanics:
(1st: Planck 1898, A. Einstein 1905, Bohr 1913, Broglie 1920)
Quantum Mechanics:
(2nd : W. Heisenberg, E. Schrodinger, W. Pauli, M. Born, P. Dirac,1925-30)
Quantum Field Theory:
(3rd : RP. Feynman, J. Schwinger, S. Tomonaga 1948)
•Symmetries:
Group Theory (Heisenberg, Weyl, Wigner 1930-40)
Physicists explain the properties and forces between elementary particles in terms of
the Standard Model widely accepted and "remarkably" accurate framework for
understanding almost everything in the known universe, other than gravity.
Experimental:
(Big team work of 20th century)
•Cosmic rays studies
•High Energy Accelerators and Detectors (-> Nano technology)
•Observation and creation of a new kinds of matter (Baryons and Mesons)

23. Radiation:-
Light, seen as quantum, acquired a dual character (Planck 1898, 1905)
Matter:-
Search for the ultimate constituents evolved in a rather spiral fashion.
Quite often, scientists claimed to find the basic building blocks of
matter Penetrating deeper into microcosm reveal smaller constituents:
Indivisible atom of chemists was divided into nucleus & electrons
(J. J. Thomson 1897, E. Rutherford 1911, Bohr 1913).
Nucleus in turn was found to be made of nucleons: p & n
(E. Rutherford 1911, J. Chadwick 1932).
The quark structure of the Hadrons (baryons and mesons)-
(Zweig, M. Gell-Mann 1962).
Quarks (6 X 3 colors) and leptons (6)
are ultimate constituents at the present energy scale
Higgs boson

24. Molecules (~10-8
m)
→
Atoms (~10-10
m)
→
Nucleons (p, n) (~10-15
m)
→
→
Quarks + Leptons (~10-18
m)
→
Higgs boson?
Nucleus (~10-14
m)

25. Forces:
All transformations in matter due to (4) fundamental interactions
Electromagnetic:
(binds atoms and molecules, manifests Life)
Quanta: Exchange of 1 photon
(Dirac 1928, RP. Feynman, J. Schwinger, S. Tomonaga 1948)
Strong:
(binds protons & neutrons)
Quanta: Exchange of 3 Pions at nuclear level:Range ~10-15
m (H. Yukawa 1935),
Quanta: Exchange of 8 Gluons at quark level (H. Fritzsch & M. Gell-Mann 1972)
Weak:
(cause particle decays)
Quanta: Exchange of 3 W’s : Range ~10-18
m
(E. Fermi 1934, SL Glashow 1965, A. Salam 1967, S. Weinberg 1967)
Gravity:
(oldest, binds solar, galaxies, origin & structure of universe)
Classical: General Relativity (Einstein 1915)
Quanta: Exchange of one Graviton(??)- SUSY & Super String Theory (1980)

26. UNIFICATION of
FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
Courtesy of H. Murayama11 January 2013 MLN College Yamuna Nagar

27. MLN College Yamuna Nagar

28. Grand Unification Theory (GUT)
11 January 2013 MLN College Yamuna Nagar

29. In 1608, Galileo Galilei is credited as
the first to turn his telescope to the
heavens.
He soon discovered craters on our
Moon, sun spots, the moons of Jupiter,
and that Venus has phases like our
Moon.
Galileo claimed that his observations
only made sense if all the planets
revolved around the Sun (as proposed
by Aristarchus and Copernicus) rather
than the Earth.
The Inquisition eventually forced
Galileo to publicly recant this
conclusion.
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
BRIEF HISTORY

30. Sir Isaac Newton
1643 - 1727
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the
first people to study light
scientifically.
In 1672, Newton directed a beam of
white light through a triangular bar of
glass, called a “prism”. He
discovered that the light coming out
of the prism was separated into bands
of colors.
The arrangement of colors produced
by a prism is called a “spectrum”.
A Quantitative Study of Light
(Newton’s Contribution to Spectroscopy)

31. In fact, his main contribution was to show that after the sunlight
had been broken down into its components by one prism, if a
narrow ray of the light from the first prism was passed through
another prism there would be no further breakdown.

32. Early Models of the Atom
A volume of positive charge
Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
J. J. Thomson’s model of the atom

33. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden – 1908
Geiger and Marsden were running
experiments on scattering of alpha
particles when passing through thin foils
of metals such as aluminum, silver, gold,
platinum, etc.” A narrow pencil of alpha-
particles under such conditions became
dispersed through one or two degrees and
the amount of dispersion,…,varied as the
square root of the thickness or probable
number of atoms encountered and also
roughly as the square root of the atomic
weight of the metal used.
Recollections by Sir Ernest Marsden, J. B. Birks, editor,
Rutherford at Manchester, W. A. Benjamin Inc., 1963

34. In a discussion with Geiger, regarding Ernest Marsden,
Rutherford stated that “I agreed with Geiger that young
Marsden, whom he had been training in radioactive
methods, ought to begin a research. Why not let him see if
any α-particles can be scattered through a large angle? I did
not believe they would be…”
Recollections by Ernest Rutherford, J. B. Birks, editor, Rutherford at Manchester, W. A.
Benjamin Inc., 1963
“The observations, however, of Geiger and Marsden** on
the scattering of a rays indicate that some of the α particles,
about 1 in 20,000 were turned through an average angle of
90 degrees in passing though a layer of gold-foil about
0.00004 cm. thick, … It seems reasonable to suppose that
the deflexion through a large angle is due to a single atomic
encounter, …”
** Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxxii, p. 495 (1909)
*** Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxxiii, p. 492 (1910)

35. Rutherford’s model of the atom
 Planetary model
 Based on results of thin foil
experiments
 Positive charge is concentrated
in the center of the atom, called
the nucleus
 Electrons orbit the nucleus like
planets orbit the sun
Early Models of the Atom

36. From the experimental results, Rutherford deduced that the
positive electricity of the atom was concentrated in a small
nucleus and “the positive charge on the nucleus had a
numerical value approximating to half the atomic weight.”
Recollections by Sir Ernest Marsden, J. B. Birks, editor, Rutherford at Manchester, W. A. Benjamin
Inc., 1963

37. Rutherford’s electrons are undergoing a centripetal
acceleration and so should radiate electromagnetic waves of
the same frequency
– The radius should steadily decrease as this radiation is
given off
– The electron should eventually spiral into the nucleus
Difficulties with the Rutherford Model
Atoms emit certain discrete characteristic frequencies of
electromagnetic radiation
– The Rutherford model is unable to explain this phenomena

38. Niels Bohr-1913
He studied under Rutherford at
the Victoria University in
Manchester.
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by
adding that the electrons were in
orbits. Rather like planets orbiting
the sun. With each orbit only able
to contain a set number of
electrons.

39.  In 1913, Bohr developed a quantum model
for the hydrogen atom.
 Proposed a model that the electron in a hydrogen
atom moves around the nucleus only in certain
allowed circular orbits.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922
for the investigation of the structure
of atoms and of the radiation
emanating from them.
Niels Henrik David Bohr
Oct. 7, 1885 – Nov. 18, 1962
Danish Physicist
Solar System Model has electrons
moving around the nucleus.

40. In 1913 Bohr provided an explanation of
atomic spectra that includes some features of
the currently accepted theory
His model includes both classical and non-
classical ideas
His model included an attempt to explain
why the atom was stable
Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1913)

41. Bohr’s Assumptions for Hydrogen
The electron moves in
circular orbits around
the proton under the
influence of the Coulomb
force of attraction
The Coulomb force
produces the centripetal
acceleration

42.  Only certain electron orbits are stable
– These are the orbits in which the atom does not emit energy
in the form of electromagnetic radiation
– Therefore, the energy of the atom remains constant and
classical mechanics can be used to describe the electron’s
motion
 Radiation is emitted by the atom when the electron
“jumps” from a more energetic initial state to a lower
state
– The “jump” cannot be treated classically
Bohr’s Assumptions, cont…Bohr’s Assumptions, cont…

43. Bohr’s Assumptions, final
The electron’s “jump,”
– The frequency emitted in the “jump” is related to
the change in the atom’s energy
– It is generally not the same as the frequency of the
electron’s orbital motion
The size of the allowed electron orbits is determined
by a condition imposed on the electron’s orbital
angular momentum

44. 1. e-
can have only specific
(quantized) energy values
2. light is emitted as e-
moves
from one energy level to a
lower energy level
1. e-
can have only specific
(quantized) energy values
2. light is emitted as e-
moves
from one energy level to a
lower energy level
En = -RH ( )
1
n2
n (principal quantum number) = 1,2,3,…
RH (Rydberg constant) = 2.18 x 10-18
J
Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1913)

45. Mathematics of Bohr’s Assumptions
and Results
Electron’s orbital angular momentum
– me v r = n ħ where n = 1, 2, 3, …
The total energy of the atom
The energy can also be expressed as
2
21
2
e e
e
E KE PE m v k
r
= + = −
2
2
ek e
E
r
= −

46. • Consider atom consisting of a nucleus of charge +Ze and mass M, and an
electron on charge -e and mass m. Assume M>>m so nucleus remains at fixed
position in space.
• As Coulomb force is a centripetal, can write (1)
• As angular momentum is quantised (2nd postulate): n = 1, 2, 3, …
• Solving for v and substituting into Eqn. 1 => (2)
• The total mechanical energy is:
• Therefore, quantization of AM leads to quantisation of total energy.
1
4πε0
Ze2
r2
=m
v2
r
mvr=nh
E=1/2mv2
+V
∴En =−
mZ2
e4
4πε0( )
2
2h2
1
n2 n = 1, 2, 3, …
r=4πε0
n2
h2
mZe2
=>v =
nh
mr
=
1
4πε0
Ze2
nh
(3)
Mathematics of Bohr’s Assumptions and Results

47. This shows that the electron can only exist in
certain allowed orbits determined by the integer
n
When n = 1, the orbit has the smallest radius,
called the Bohr radius, ao
ao = 0.0529 nm
The radii of the Bohr orbits are quantized
Bohr Radius
2 2
2
1, 2, 3,n
e e
n
r n
m k e
= =
h


48. Radii and Energy of Orbits
 A general expression for
the radius of any orbit in a
hydrogen atom is
–rn = n2
ao
 The energy of any orbit is
–En = - 13.6 eV/ n2

49. The ionization energy is the energy needed to
completely remove the electron from the atom
The ionization energy for hydrogen is 13.6 eV
Specific Energy Levels
The lowest energy state is called the ground state
– This corresponds to n = 1
– Energy is –13.6 eV
The next energy level has an energy of –3.40 eV
– The energies can be compiled in an energy level diagram

50. The value of RH from
Bohr’s analysis is in
excellent agreement with
the experimental value
A more generalized
equation can be used to
find the wavelengths of
any spectral lines
Energy Level Diagram

51. 2 2
1 1 1
H
f i
R
n nλ
 
= −  
 
Generalized Equation
For the Balmer series, nf = 2
For the Lyman series, nf = 1
Whenever an transition occurs between a state, ni to
another state, nf (where ni > nf), a photon is emitted
The photon has a frequency f = (Ei – Ef)/h and wavelength λ

52.  Explained several features of the hydrogen spectrum
• Accounts for Balmer and other series
• Predicts a value for RH that agrees with the experimental value
• Gives an expression for the radius of the atom
• Predicts energy levels of hydrogen
• Gives a model of what the atom looks like and how it behaves
 Can be extended to “hydrogen-like” atoms
– Those with one electron
– Ze2
needs to be substituted for e2
in equations
• Z is the atomic number of the element
Successes of the Bohr Theory

53. Failures of Bohr Model
• Bohr model was a major step toward understanding the quantum
theory of the atom - not in fact a correct description of the nature
of electron orbits.
• Some of the shortcomings of the model are:
1. Fails describe why certain spectral lines are brighter than others
=> no mechanism for calculating transition probabilities.
2. Violates the uncertainty principal which dictates that position
and momentum cannot be simultaneously determined.
• Bohr model gives a basic conceptual model of electrons orbits and
energies. The precise details can only be solved using the
Schrödinger equation.

54.  From the Bohr model, the linear momentum of the electron is
 However, know from Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, that
 Comparing the two Eqns. above => p ~ n∆p
 This shows that the magnitude of p is undefined except when n is
large.
 Bohr model only valid when we approach the classical limit at
large n.
 Must therefore use full quantum mechanical treatment to model
electron in H atom.
p=mv=m
Ze2
4πε0nh





=
nh
r
∆p~
h
∆x
~
h
r
Failures of Bohr Model

55. Modifications of the Bohr Theory Elliptical Orbits
Sommerfeld extended the results to include elliptical
orbits
•Retained the principle quantum number, n
•Added the orbital quantum number, ℓ
• ℓ ranges from 0 to n-1 in integer steps
•All states with the same principle quantum
number are said to form a shell
•The states with given values of n and ℓ are said
to form a subshell

56. Another modification was needed to account for the Zeeman effect
•The Zeeman effect is the splitting of spectral lines in a strong
magnetic field
•This indicates that the energy of an electron is slightly modified
when the atom is immersed in a magnetic field
•A new quantum number, m ℓ, called the orbital magnetic
quantum number, had to be introduced
• m ℓ can vary from - ℓ to + ℓ in integer steps
Modifications of the Bohr Theory Zeeman Effect

57. • High resolution spectrometers show that spectral lines
are, in fact, two very closely spaced lines, even in the
absence of a magnetic field
– This splitting is called fine structure
– Another quantum number, ms, called the spin
magnetic quantum number, was introduced to
explain the fine structure
Modifications of the Bohr Theory – Fine Structure

58. de Broglie Waves
One of Bohr’s postulates was the angular
momentum of the electron is quantized, but
there was no explanation why the restriction
occurred
de Broglie assumed that the electron orbit
would be stable only if it contained an integral
number of electron wavelengths

59.  In this example, three
complete wavelengths are
contained in the
circumference of the orbit
 In general, the circumference
must equal some integer
number of wavelengths
– 2 π r = n λ n = 1, 2, …
de Broglie Waves in the Hydrogen Atom

60.  The expression for the de Broglie wavelength can be
included in the circumference calculation
– me v r = n 
– This is the same quantization of angular momentum that
Bohr imposed in his original theory
 This was the first convincing argument that the wave
nature of matter was at the heart of the behavior of
atomic systems
 Schrödinger’s wave equation was subsequently applied
to atomic systems
de Broglie Waves in the Hydrogen Atom, cont…..

61.  One of the first great achievements of quantum
mechanics was the solution of the wave equation
for the hydrogen atom
 The significance of quantum mechanics is that
the quantum numbers and the restrictions placed
on their values arise directly from the
mathematics and not from any assumptions
made to make the theory agree with experiments
Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom

62.  A gas at low pressure has a voltage applied to it
 A gas emits light characteristic of the gas
 When the emitted light is analyzed with a
spectrometer, a series of discrete bright lines is
observed
– Each line has a different wavelength and color
– This series of lines is called an emission spectrum
APPLICATION
Emission Spectra

63. Examples of Spectra

64. (a) Electronic absorption transition
(b) H2 emission spectrum (top), H2 absorption spectrum (bottom)

65. (ultraviolet)
(visible)
(infrared)
HYDROGEN SPECTRAL LINES

66. The wavelengths of hydrogen’s spectral lines can be
found from
– RH is the Rydberg constant
– RH = 1.0973732 x 107
m-1
– n is an integer, n = 1, 2, 3, …
– The spectral lines correspond to different values of n
2 2
1 1 1
2
HR
nλ
 
= − 
 
Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen – EquationEmission Spectrum of Hydrogen – Equation

67. The Balmer Series has
lines whose wavelengths
are given by the preceding
equation
Examples of spectral lines
– n = 3, λ = 656.3 nm
– n = 4, λ = 486.1 nm
Spectral Lines of Hydrogen

68. Atomic Spectra 68
Emission lines of
some elements
(all quantized!)

70. What is Neutron Activation Analysis
(NAA)?
NAA is a method for qualitative and quantitative
determination of elements based on the
measurement of characteristic radiation from
radionuclide formed directly or indirectly by
neutron irradiation of the material.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

71. BASICBASIC PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLEBASICBASIC PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLE

72. NAA procedure

73. • R = N (φth
·σth
+ φe
· I0
)
R= reaction rate
• φth
: conventional thermal neutron flux
• σth
:effective thermal neutron cross-section
• Io
: conventional epithermal neutron flux
• φe
:resonance integral cross section
Kinetics of activation

74. A= Iethth ⋅+⋅ ϕσϕ DS
A
Nfm
rel
Avi
⋅
⋅⋅
⋅
NAv
= Avogadro number
fi
= isotopic abundance
m = mass of the irradiated element
Arel
= atomic mass of target element
Kinetics of activation

75. The intensity of the measured gamma line is
proportional to the activity. The measured
parameter is the total energy peak area (NP
) at a
particular energy given by the following equation
(x)
The efficiency of a semiconductor detector
varies with gamma energy. The emission
probability of a gamma photon at a given energy
is the , tm is the measuring time.
N A f tP m= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅γ γε
Kinetics of activation

76. 1. Choose the proper
-nuclear reaction
-analytical gamma line
-irradiation, decay and measuring time
2. Sample preparation
- weigh the samples into polyethylene bags
using analytical balance
- prepare standards using micropipettes
Procedure

77. 3. Irradiation of the samples using pneumatic
system of the reactor
4. Measure the gamma-spectra, evaluate the spectra
(determine the peak areas at the given gamma-
lines)
5. Identify the isotopes in the spectra using gamma
library. Determine the elemental concentrations
and their uncertainties using standard method
Procedure

78. NAA Applications

79. NAA Applications

80. Neutron activation of paintings

86. PIXE ⇒
–PARTICLE-INDUCED X-RAY
EMISSION
–CHARGED PARTICLE
–USUALLY PROTONS OR OTHER IONS
PIXE – PARTICLE INDUCED X-RAY
EMISSION

87. Basic Principle

88. Instrumentation

89. Experimental setup

90. Instrumentation

91. Typical PIXE spectrum

93. Generalized geometry of PIXE analysis of
specimen

94. Equation for concentration of given element
in a specimen
( ) ( )zNpCbNzY xziavx σ
π
εω 




 Ω
=
4
( )zYx
avN
ω
b
iε
π4
Ω
Np
zC
( )zxσ
: X-ray yield
: Avogadro number
: Fluorescent yield
: Line intensity
: Efficiency of the detector
: Solid angle
: Number of protons
: Concentration of element
: X-ray production cross-section

95. Air Pollution
PIXE spectrum of air pollution collected on a thin foil
Application

96. Industrial application
K X-ray spectra recorded for (a) 4x10-11
g of Ti, (b) 8x10-10
g of Cu
Application

97. Botany
PIXE spectrum from analysis of Shaji plant material
Application

98. • Archeology
PIXE spectrum of potshred (broken piece of pot)
Application

99. • Art
PIXE external beam setup for analysis of an art document
Application

100. Application
Medical science
PIXE analysis of Bromine in blood
plasma

101. PIXE elemental maps from a bone

102. 3-dimensional element plot from micro PIXE
analysis of single cell

103. 3 MeV PIXE elemental maps of Ag, Cu and Si seen on the
surface of fragment of lusterware from 9th
century Iraq

104. Example of direct PIXE analysis of human
finger nail

105. NEW AVENUES
WHY TO CHOOSE M.Sc. APPLIED PHYSICS
P. G. Department of Applied Physics
Established in 1997.More than 600 hundred
students pass out
 It is record that almost Every year we have
Topper and about 100% Ist Div. results
About 50 students has cleared GATE and NET

106. A rare prestigious honored moment for our department, whenA rare prestigious honored moment for our department, when
one of our students Ms. Deepika was selected by Govt. ofone of our students Ms. Deepika was selected by Govt. of
India to witness the Republic Day Parade from the PrimeIndia to witness the Republic Day Parade from the Prime
Minister’s Box at Rajpath.Minister’s Box at Rajpath.

107. NEW AVENUES
FACULTY POSITIONS : ENGINEERING COLLEGES AND
POLYTECHNICS
Placements in Research such PRL, BARC and
ISRO
 GATE and NET placed in ONGC
and DEFENCE SERVICES
Industries and MNCs

108. NEW AVENUES
GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE
SCHOOL TEACHING T.G.T &
P.G.T
College and University teaching
and research

111. Significance
of inner-
shell
ionization
parameters
in L X - ray
production
mechanism
from proton-
atom
collisions
Cross
section for
induced L
X - ray
emission
by protons
of energy
< 400 keV
Seattle, Washington
U.S.A.
June 23 – 28, 2013

112.  Effect of vacancy de-excitation parameters on L X-rays of Pb using H+
beam
 L X – ray production from Au with proton beam in low energy region

113. 1. Theoretical calculation of total cross sections
for e+
- NH3
molecule at low energies.
2. Low energy elastic scattering of positrons by
argon atoms.
29 July – 1 August, 2009, Toronto, Canada

114. XXVI ICPEAC - Kalamazoo,
Michigan, U.S.A.
22 - 28 July, 2009
 Role of measured vacancy de-excitation parameters for H+
- Pb.
 Investigation of L X - ray production from Au with protons in low
energy.

115. 2020thth
International Conference on the ApplicationInternational Conference on the Application
of Accelerators in Research and Industryof Accelerators in Research and Industry
University of North Texas U.S.AUniversity of North Texas U.S.A
L X - ray intensity ratios in Pb
with protons.
Role of measured vacancy de-
excitation parameters in the
proton induced X - ray
emission.

116. INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTION FOR ELECTRON
SCATTERING WITH ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT MOLECULES
Characteristic
X - ray
production by
H+
projectiles
in Bismuth
target between
260 & 400 keV

117. Study of L
X - ray
intensity
ratios in Bi
with low
energy
proton.
Investigati
on of cross
sections
for electron
scattering
with GeH4
molecules.

118. Dec. 12 – 14, 2012
Elastic
scattering of
electrons
from
phosphine
molecules

119. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Mumbai 400 005
March 28 – 31, 2012
Effect of Fluorescence and
Coster-Kronig yield on L X
- ray intensity ratios of Bi
by H+
ion impact.

120. Importance of
atomic
parameters in X -
ray intensity
ratios of Bismuth.

121. Study of
Proton-
induced L X -
ray intensity
ratios in Au.
Measured
vacancy de-
excitation
parameters in
Au for the
proton
induced L X –
rays.