Earth Masonry

1. Earth
Masonry
Group No: 1

2. WHAT IS EARTH MASONRY?
Earth
A stable, dense, non-volatile inorganic
substance found in the ground
(The New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1998)
Masonry
The art of shaping, arranging and uniting
stone, brick, building blocks, etc., to form
walls and other parts of a building
(Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, 1975).

3. MATERIALS OF EARTH MASONRY
• Bricks
• Rubble
• Sand
• Concrete rubble
• Cement
• Lime
• Mortar
• Grout materials
• Water
• Additives

4. HISTORY OF EARTH MASONRY
 Jethawanaramaya Sri Lanka -Established in the 3rd century
 Pyramids in Egypt
 The Great Wall of China

5. BRICKS
The main constituents of brick-making clays
are silica (sand) and alumina, but with varying
quantities of chalk, lime, iron oxide and other
minor constituents.
 SIZE
215mm
Stretcher face
65mm
102.5mm
Header Face

6. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS TYPES OF BRICKS
Clay bricks
Calcium silicate bricks
Concrete bricks
http://buildingmaterial1213.blogspot.com

7. Extraction of the raw material
Forming processes
Bricks Marking process

8. Drying
Forming process of clay bricks
can be done by four methods:
 Handmade
- Pallet moulding
- Slop moulding
 Soft mud process
 Pressed bricks
 Extruded-wire cut bricks

9. Packaging and distribution
Firing

10.  Compressive strength
 Permeability
 Fire Resistance
 Water absorption
 Thermal performance
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

11. LIMITATIONS
Starting in the twentieth century, the use of
brickwork declined in many areas due to
earthquakes.
The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 revealed the
weaknesses of brick buildings in earthquake-prone
areas. Most buildings in San Francisco collapsed
during the earthquake, due to the cement-based
mortar used to hold the bricks together. During
seismic events, the mortar cracks and crumbles, and
the bricks are no longer held together.

12. RUBBLE
Rubble has been used as a building material for
thousands of years.
Characteristics of Rubble
 It has great durable, low maintenance and with
high thermal mass.
 It is a generic available in many shapes,
sizes, colours and textures, and Stone blends well
with the natural landscape
 It can easily be recycled for other building
purposes. Therefore, it can provide environmental
friendly.
 Uses for floors, walls, arches and roofs

13. CLASSIFICATION OF RUBBLE
http://www.ustudy.in

14. Sandstone
Limestone
Slate
Granite
TYPES OF RUBBLE Production &
Transportation
Limestone
Sandstone
Granite
Slate

15. WHY WE USE RUBBLE ?

16. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF
RUBBLE
Durability
Fire Resistance
Water Resistance
Sound Insulation

17. SAND
Sand is Natural Material that
divided from rock & mineral
Particles.
Characteristics of Sand
 Sand rich in magnetic – dark to
black colour
 Sand rich in iron – Deep yellow
colour
Sand can be divided in mainly 2
parts.
 sharp sand- concrete
 soft sand - mortar
Sand mining From Rivers
Sand Mining From Sea

18. Pit Sand (Coarse
sand)
River Sand
Sea Sand
TYPES OF SAND CLASSIFICATION
OF SAND
 Fine Sand
(0.075 to 0.425
mm)
 Medium Sand
(0.425 to 2 mm)
 Coarse Sand (2.0
to4.75 mm)
www.gharexpert.com

19. CEMENT
Cement is a fine powder which sets after a few
hours when mixed with water, and then hardens in a
few days into a solid, strong material.

20. TYPES OF CEMENT
Gray Ordinary Portland Cement
White Portland Cement
Masonry or Mortar
Oil-well Cement
Blended Cement

21. MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
TRANSPORTATION
PROCESS OF CEMENT
Availability of Cement-
Holcim Lanka Ltd- Galle
& Puttalam in Srilanka

22. MORTAR
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction
blocks together and fill the gaps between them
Characteristics of Mortar
 Workability
 Retentively & flow
 Compressive Strength
 Bond Strength
Wet Characteristics
Dry characteristics

23. TYPES OF MORTAR
 Portland cement mortar
 Polymer cement mortar
 Lime mortar
http://www.wikipedia.org

24. MARTIALS & TOOLS OF EARTH MASONRY

25. Simplicity
Flexibility
Ease of Use
Minimum Cost
SUITABILITY OF
MATERIALS OF
EARTH MASONRY
LIMITATIONS OF EARTH
MASONRY MATERIALS
 Product availability
 Restrictions of finishes
 Water solubility
 Wet traders
 Transportation
difficulties

26. REFERENCES
 Earth Masonry
Design & Construction Guidelines
By Tom Mortan
Forwarded By Rab Bennetts
First Edition 2008
 Building Constuction
By P.C. Varghese
 Introduction to construction of buildings
Stephen Emmitt & Christopher Gorse
Blackwell publishing LTD
published in 2005
 Construction technology today & tomorrow
James F. Fales

27. Thank You