Charles Robert Darwin  (1809 -1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and Biologist. Charles Darwin is also known as Father of natural selection . Published in his groundbreaking book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. Darwin's theory of evolution, first introduced in his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1859

1.  Submitted To:
Mr Abdullah Farooq
 Submitted By:
Fatima Khan

2. 𝕴𝖓𝖙𝖗𝖔𝖉𝖚𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓:
 Charles Robert Darwin (1809 -1882) was an English naturalist,
geologist and Biologist.
 Charles Darwin is also known as Father of natural selection .
 Published in his groundbreaking book "On the Origin of Species"
in 1859.
 He was a naturalist at Beagle and observations at Beagle led him
to devolpe one of the most important theories such as “Natural
Selection”.
 He didn't receive any Nobel Prize because Nobel Prizes are not
established until several decades of Death.

3. 𝕿𝖍𝖊𝖔𝖗𝖞 𝕺𝖋 𝕰𝖛𝖔𝖑𝖚𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓:
 Darwin's theory of evolution, first introduced in his book "On the Origin of Species"
in 1859.
 According to this theory “species of organisms arise and develop through the
natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability
to compete, survive, and reproduce.”
 Principles Of Theory Of Evolution:
 Variation: Individuals within a population vary in their traits, including physical
characteristics, behaviors, and genetic traits.
 Inheritance: Traits that are beneficial to survival and reproduction are more likely to
be passed down to offspring than traits that are not.
 Selection: Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to future generations.
 Time: Over time, the accumulation of these small changes can result in the
development of new species from existing ones.

4. 𝖈𝖔𝖓𝖙𝖗𝖎𝖇𝖚𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓𝖘:
 Theory of evolution: Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection proposed
that new species arise from existing ones.this helped in understanding how life on
Earth has diversified over time.
 Mechanisms of adaptation: Darwin was interested in the mechanisms by which
organisms adapt to their environments, and he studied traits such as mimicry,
camouflage, and defensive adaptations that help organisms survive and reproduce.
 Taxonomy: Darwin made significant contributions to the classification of species,
and he proposed a system of evolutionary classification based on the branching of
phylogenic trees.
 Sexual selection: Darwin was also interested in the role of sexual selection in the
evolution of species, and he proposed that traits that are attractive to potential
mates can become exaggerated over time through a process known as sexual
selection.

6. 𝕺𝖇𝖏𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓𝖘:
 Religious objections: Some individuals and religious groups object to the theory of
evolution on religious grounds, believing that it is inconsistent with their beliefs in
divine creation.
 Scientific objections: While most scientists accept the theory of evolution, there are
some who argue that it is insufficient to explain certain aspects of the natural world, or
that it is based on incomplete or inaccurate evidence.
 Alternative theories: Some individuals and groups who reject the theory of evolution
propose alternative theories, such as intelligent design or creationism.
Note:
• objections to the theory of evolution are largely based on personal beliefs or
ideologies, rather than scientific evidence. The theory of evolution remains one of the
best-supported scientific theories of all time

7. 𝕯𝖗𝖆𝖜𝖇𝖆𝖈𝖐𝖘:
 The main drawback is that the theory only applies to living organisms that can
reproduce sexually through generations. It does not explain how single-celled
organisms or extinct creatures evolved. Additionally, the theory does not account for
random, chance events that can influence evolution, such as natural disasters or
mutations.

8. 𝕾𝖎𝖌𝖓𝖎𝖋𝖎𝖈𝖆𝖓𝖈𝖊:
 Darwin's theory of evolution remains significant today, as it provides a framework for
understanding the diversity of life on earth and how it has changed over time. The
theory has also helped scientists develop new fields of study, such as evolutionary
psychology and molecular biology. Additionally, the theory has played a role in shaping
societal views on issues such as conservation, animal welfare and genetic engineering.

9. 𝕮𝖔𝖓𝖈𝖊𝖕𝖙𝖘:
 Natural Selection:
The process by which individuals with advantageous traits
survive and reproduce better than their peers, passing down their advantageous traits
to their offspring.
 Survival of the Fittest:
The idea that individuals who are better adapted to their
environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing.