This document provides an overview of tablets, including their definition, composition, manufacturing process, and equipment used. Tablets are solid oral dosage forms containing medicinal ingredients with or without excipients like diluents, binders, lubricants, and disintegrants. There are three main methods for tablet production: wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression. Key equipment includes mixers, mills, dryers, and tablet presses. Tablets offer advantages like ease of packaging and production but may be difficult for some patients to swallow.

1. PRESENTATION
ON
TABLET SECTION
By –
DCRUST, MURTHAL

2. Introduction
What is a Tablet?
• Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing
medicaments with or without excipients.
• According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia Pharmaceutical ,tablets are
solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by
compressing a drug or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
• The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents,
disintegrants, sweeteners or flavours and pigments.

3. Diluents:
Diluents are fillers used to make required bulk of the tablet when the drug
dosage itself is inadequate to produce the bulk. Ex.- Lactose, Sorbitol.
Binders:
These materials are added either dry or in wet- form to form granules or
to form cohesive compacts for directly compressed tablet. Ex. - Acacia,
Gelatin.
Lubricants:
Lubricants are intended to prevent adhesion of the tablet materials to the
surface of dies and punches, reduce inter particle friction and may
improve the rate of flow of the tablet granulation. Ex. - Stearic acid,talc.
Excipients

4. Disintegrants:
Added to a tablet formulation to facilitate its breaking or disintegration
when it contact in water. Ex. - Starches are the most common
disintegrating agents.
Colours:
The use of colours and dyes in a tablet has two purposes:
(1) Product Identification
(2) Production of more elegant product
Ex.- D&C and FD&C dyes and lakes
Flavors and Sweeteners:
To enhance taste and make tablets visually attractive.Ex. – sucrose,
dextrose, lactose.

5. Adavantages Of Tablet :
• Lighter and compact.
• Easiest and cheapest to package and strip.
• Suitable for large scale production.
Disadvantages Of Tablet :
• Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients
• Bitter tasting drugs, drugs with an objectionable odor or drugs that
are sensitive to oxygen may require encapsulation or coating.

6. Unit Operations
There are three methods of preparing tablet granulations.
These are
a) Wet granulation
b) Dry granulation (also called "slugging")
c) Direct compression.
Wet Granulation :
The most popular method (over 70% )
Granulation is done
• To prevent segregation of the constituents of the powder blend.
• To improve flowability of the powder mixture.
• To improve homogeneity and thus ensure content uniformity

7. Wet Granulation Flowsheet

8. • The dry granulation process is used to form granules without using a liquid
solution.
• In this process, the primary powder particles are aggregated under high
pressure.
Dry Granulation

9. • Direct Compression is the simplest form of oral dosage
production as it contains the fewest process stages, leading to a
shorter process cycle and faster production times.
• The ingredients are weighed, blended and then compacted
directly following lubrication.
Direct Compression

10. Sifter:
An instrument used to sieve the ingredients of a tablet with a
replaceable mess ware. In this technique, particles of powder mass
are placed on a screen made of uniform aperture. The sifter is
attached with a vibrator that helps in sieving the materials through the
meshwork.
Equipments

11. Planetary Mixer:
Solutions of the binding agent are added to the mixed powders
with stirring. The planetary mixer can mix a material of 100kg.
The beater of the planetary mixer revolves 2-4times for each
revolution of the head, providing double mixing action.

12. Mass Mixer:
This is also mixing equipment used to mix dry as well is wet
ingredients. The mixer has blades that are alternately arranged
and is allows uniform mixing.
The mass mixer is emptied by inverting it and scrapping off its
ingredients.

13. Multi Mill:
This is a hammer mill that uses a high speed rotor to which a number
of swinging hammers are fixed. The unit is enclosed with chamber
containing a grid or removable screen through which the material can
pass. The material is fed from the top and ground by impact of
hammers or against the plates around the periphery of the casing.

14. Spray Dryer:
It consists of a chamber, containing horizontal arrangements of trays on
which granules are dried. The drying process is accomplished by a gust
of hot air driven by or blower through an electric heater and heat
exchange.

15. The basic unit of any tablet press is a set of tooling consisting of two
punches and a die which is called a station. The die determines the
diameter or shape of the tablet; the punches, upper and lower, come
together in the die that contains the tablet formulation to form a tablet.
There are two types of presses:
1.Single -Punch
The single-punch press has a single station of one die and two punches,
and is capable of producing from 40 to 120 tablets per minute depending
on the size of the tablet.
2.Rotary -Punch
The rotary press has a multiplicity of stations arranged on a rotating table
in which the dies are fed the formulation producing tablets at production
rates of' from a few to many thousands per minute.
Tablet Presses

17. Thank You