This presentation encapsulates substantial research on cases of fake videos and presents the different contexts in which these videos were propagated. It was part of a research on detecting and preventing fake videos using archival and engineering theory. The research team published a paper on the results of our workshop. It is available through the IEEE database, under the title of "Extending the Scope of Computational Archival Science: A Case Study on Leveraging Archival and Engineering Approaches to Develop a Framework to Detect and Prevent “Fake Video”. The research project is a collaboration between the Department of Engineering, Archival Science, and Blockchain at UBC research cluster, at the University of British Columbia.

1. 1
Workshop on Leveraging Archival and Engineering Theory to
Detect and Prevent “Fakes" in the Context of Full Motion Video
Presentation: An Analysis of Twelve Case Studies of Fake Videos
Presenter: Hoda Hamouda
Date: August, 22, 2019 Kelowna, Canada
IEEE citation:
H. Hamouda, “An Analysis of Twelve Case Studies of Fake Videos” Kelowna, BC, Canada, 22-Aug-2019.
APA citation:
Hamouda, H. (2019, August). An Analysis of Twelve Case Studies of Fake Videos. Presented at the Workshop on Leveraging Archival and
Engineering Theory to Detect and Prevent “Fakes" in the Context of Full Motion Video, Kelowna, BC, Canada.

2. 2
Video Description Alteration Links
1 Republicans
health-care rally
Description The Hannity Show team used a
video to illustrate an interview with republican
Michele Bachmann about Capitol Hill anti
“health-care reforms” protest by conservatives.
Shots from a second unrelated video were used
along with the original footage.
Source Fox News, Sean Hannity Show
Date Thursday, October, 2009
Location Washington, DC
Event Republicans healthcare rally
Second video, unrelated to the event
Date Saturday, September 12, 2009,
Location Washington, DC
Event Taxpayer March on Washington aka the
“9/12 Tea Party”
Type of alteration Combining
two unrelated footage. Both
videos were captured in the
same location.
Result Illustrated a bigger
crowd.
How was it verified?
- Comparing the color of the
sky and tree leaves between
the two videos
- Searching archived footage
of the “9/12 Tea Party” march.
More info: This alteration was
Discovered by John Stewart,
the video caption on Comedy
Central was “Sean Hannity
[used] Falsifying Footage to
Make GOP Protest Appear
Bigger. Later on “Sean
Hannity apologized to his
viewers for the error during his
November 11, 2009
broadcast.”
Two online videos of
the show were
removed.
The video was found
on the following link,
as part of another
TV show that was
commenting on John
Stewart’s show
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=VgOn
BUWygsc

3. 3

4. 4
2 Police Van fell
from bridge
Description by source Protesters pushed a
police car off a bridge in Cairo
Source Washington Post blog post
Date August 2013
Location 6th of October Bridge, Cairo, Egypt
Event Violent clashes between security forces
and president Morsi supporters.
Type of alteration Given that
in “no time could the
protesters be seen actually
pushing the car off the bridge.”
(Koettl, 2015), the title and
description of the video were
mislabeled.
Result Stating that protestors
pushed the police van off the
bridge.
How was it verified?
The date and location of the
event are accurate according
to Koettl1
(2015) verification
process.
At least three online
videos of this
accident were
removed:
1- The one
embedded in the
blog post
2- Live leaks’ video
3- From Koettl
(2015) case study.
Using arabic
keywords only one
video remains of the
accident:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?time_co
ntinue=22&v=OeTQ
JrFMzns
1
Koettl was the emergency response manager at Amnesty International USA

5. 5

6. 6
3 Obama and Tax
Raise
Description by source A video showing a rare
moment of honesty for Obama in regards to
taxation policies.
Source Fox News, Sean Hannity show
Date September 2010 (between 8 - 12
september) reference
Location USA
Event Obama's speech on September 8, 2010
in Parma, OH, regarding tax cuts / extension
Details the source played the video of Obama
saying: “Taxes are scheduled to go up
substantially next year, for everybody”.
While what Obama fully said was: “Under the
tax plan passed by the last administration,
taxes are scheduled to go up substantially next
year, for everybody.”
Type of alteration
Cutting the beginning of the
clip.
Result altering the message
of the speaker (i.e integrity of
the video) making it appear as
if President Obama was
saying that increasing taxes
for everyone is his current
plan, while he was referencing
the plans of the previous
administration.
How was it verified?
- Watching a longer version of
the speech.
Video of Sean
Hannity show,
followed by a longer
version of Obama’s
speech:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=h3hM
ODMyed8
The link to the full
speech of obama by
the white house
website, was broken.
Ken provided the
following link
https://www.archives
.gov/presidential-
libraries/archived-
websites
Transcript of Obama
full speech
https://obamawhiteh
ouse.archives.gov/th
e-press-
office/2010/09/08/re
marks-president-
economy-parma-
ohio

7. 7
4 Thai soccer
team rescue
videos
Description by source The Thai cave rescue
operation
Source: Tweet by Jasveer singh, and other
twitter users, posted to Twitter. And Facebook
post by Howard Roscoe (reached two millions
views.)
Date: July 7, 2018
Location: Thailand
Event: Rescue of members of Thai soccer
team, 12 boys, and their coach.
The user tweeted an unrelated video originally
posted by Dreher (2012) from
Date: 2012
Location: the Castle Rock Cave, Fennimore,
Wisconsin
Type of alteration users
tweeted a video that is not
related to the event. False
location and date.
Aim of source Illustrate the
rescue mission
Resulted in Promoting the
video as depicting the process
of the rescuing team.
How was it verified?
• Storyful
• Visual cues: “The video
shows clear water conditions,
whereas the water that has
flooded the Tham Luang cave
was muddy, providing near-
zero visibility for divers”
(Storyful, 2018).
The twitter user
video Tweet
The original video
falsely labeled as the
Thai rescue team
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=Wtlwo
X1YEmg
5 Hurricane Irma
Videos replaced
by Cyclone
Vardah
Description by source Video of Hurricane
Irma
Source Facebook post by Hendry Moya Duran
(27 million views and more than 770,000
shares on Facebook)
Date Sept. 6, 2017
Location Carribean
Event Hurricane Irma hitting islands in the
northern Carribean
But the video turned out to be from a 2016
tornado in Uruguay
Type of alteration users
posted a video that is not
related to the event. False
location and date.
Aim of source Illustrate the
impact of the hurricane
How was it verified?
- Searching archived footage
(Paul, 2017 and Silverman,
2017)
Hendry Moya Duran
facebook post.
Original video, that
Duran reused, was
posted on YT by
Martinez, in 2016 of
a tornado in
Uruguay.
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=0lHDV
el-NPw

8. 8
Original Source a YT video by Martinez, 2016
Date 2016
Location Uruguay
Event tornado in Uruguay
6 Acosta, CNN
white house
reporter, and the
mic
Description by source video clip tweeted by
Sarah Sanders from the infowars site claiming
to show Acosta, CNN's chief White House
correspondent, behaving inappropriately when
an intern was trying to take the microphone
from Acosta during a press conference.
Source: Infowars.
Sarah Sanders tweeted the Infowars video
(Finn, 2018)
Date November 2018
Location US
Event news conference on the 2018 midterm
elections
Type of alteration
• Visual: Frames 13, 14, 15
were paused
• Audio: Audio of Acosta
saying “Pardon mam” was
muted.
Aim of source Sanders said
Acosta has put "his hands on
a young woman just trying to
do her job as a White House
intern" (Abrruzzese et al.,
2018).
How was it verified?
• Storyful
• Side-by-side comparison of
the two videos (the original
and the one by infowars)
Video showing the c-
span video followed
by the Infowars
video
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=0NxYx
ibGCx0
Two versions of
Acosta videos,
played back side-by-
side
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=aXZ2j
RZMLrg

9. 9
7
Nancy Pelosi
speech of May
22nd, 2019
Description by source: Nancy Pelosi speech
at Center for American Progress Ideas
Conference on May 22nd.
Source: Facebook account titled
PoliticsWatchDog
Date: May 22, 2019
Location: USA
Event American Progress Ideas Conference
Type of alteration:
• Visual:
Original video playback time is
slowed down by 75%
• Audio:
Altered to sound more
natural.
Aim: making her speech
sound slurred
Result: Speaker’s voice
sounded low and distorted
How was it verified?
• Washington Post
• Comparing both videos side-
by-side
YT video titled
“Pelosi videos
manipulated to make
her appear drunk are
being shared on
social media”
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=sDOo
5nDJwgA
Sec 28.
8 Nancy Pelosi
speech of May
14, 2019
Description by source: Nancy Pelosi speech
of May 14, 2019 at at the American Road &
Transportation Builders Association
Source: Jerry Eldred Youtube channel.
Jerry took a video from the conservative
channel Next News Network, to render this
video.
Date: May 14, 2019
Location USA
Event Nancy Pelosi's speech at the American
Road & Transportation Builders Association on
May 14th.
Type of alteration:
• Visual:
Original video playback time is
slowed down
• He only altered Pelosi’s
speech, not the anchor.
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=sDOo
5nDJwgA
Sec 1:35

10. 10
9 Shirley Sherrod
speech March
27, 2010.
Description by source .a video showing
Shirley Sherrod (Georgia State Director of
Rural Development for the US Department of
Agriculture) making discriminatory statements
during a speech.
Source BigGovernment.com a website of
conservative blogger Andrew Breitbart.
Date of Shirley’s speech March 2010
Date of Breitbart blog : July 19, 2010
Location USA
Event Speech at the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Details: Breitbart released a video excerpt
which was edited to claim that Shirley
discriminated against a white farmer.
But unedited footage of her speech showed
she was recounting a 1986 incident that taught
her according to Shirley’s speech, at the
NAACP in march, that "working with him [white
farmer] made me see that it's really about those
who have versus those who haven't” (Sherrod,
2010, 0:05) and that "They could be black, they
could be white, they could be Hispanic. And it
made me realise then that I needed to help
poor people - those who don't have access the
way others have"
(Sherrod, 2010, 4:27).
Type of alteration video
excerpts chosen by blogger
obscured the context of her
speech, mainly: the fact that
Sherrod was referring to a
1986 incident, and that the
incident taught her that the
struggle between is between
the poor and the rich not black
and white.
Aim frame speaker as racist
Result The NAACP
considered Sherrod's remarks
to be racist, and she was fired.
Later she received an apology
from the obama
administration.
How was it verified?
• Watching the whole speech.
The excerpts by Breitbart are
2 minutes, 38 seconds in total,
but the full video of her
speech was 43 minutes 15
seconds long.
Breitbart video
excert:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=t_xCeI
txbQY
Longer version of
Sherrod’s speech:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=Y9Xw
QTLEh88
At 0:05
And at 4:27

11. 11
10 Queen Photo
session
Description by source: a trailer for a BBC
documentary about the queen.
Source: BBC documentary titled “Monarchy:
The Royal Family at Work”
Date: July 2007
Location: UK
Event a photo session of the queen, that was
filmed and became a part of a BBC
documentary
Details: the trailer shows the queen walking out
from a photo session as a reaction to the
photographer request to the queen to remove
her head crown (BBC, 2007). In the video the
queen seem to be saying to the photographer
"Less dressy? What do you think this is?" and
“I'm not changing anything. I've done enough
dressing like this" then showing her in what
seems like moving out of the location.
Type of alteration: Editing
out of sequence.
The trailer showed shots from
the documentary that do not
follow a chronological
sequence
Aim: Increasing audience
interest in watching the
documentary
Result: the queen looked as if
she walked out from the
photoshoot as a reaction to
the photographer request to
the queen to remove her head
crown (BBC, 2007).
Later on the BBC issued an
apology to the Queen and two
bbc staff members resigned.
The BBC
documentary trailer
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=aKz6k
WDfHpo
A longer version of
the Queen Elizabeth
Photoshoot by Annie
Leibovitz, showing
the orginal
sequence:
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=14kJk
Rg5k-s
Sec 00:50 to 02:52
shows the real
sequence of the
events.

12. 12
11 Deep fakes Description by source the use of machine
learning to let users edit the text transcript of a
video by adding, deleting, or changing the
words of a speaker.
Source .BuzzFeed and Monkey Paw
Productions
Date Published on Apr 17, 2018
Location USA
Event Demonstrating algorithmic machine
learning technology behind deepfakes, which
“allows anyone to create a very convincing
simulation of a human subject given ample
photographic evidence on which to train the
machine about what the image should look
like.” (Romano, 2018)
Type of alteration: creating
content that does not have a
reference
Result people portrayed in the
video are saying things that
they did not say.
Obama and Jordan
Peele speech video
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=cQ54
GDm1eL0

13. 13
12 VoCo Speech
editor by Adobe
Description by source Adobe during ACM
SIGGRAPH 2019 “shared details on prototype
software named VoCo, which lets users edit
recordings of speech [and replace excerpts of a
speech] as easily as a picture, and which was
used in this research.” (Vincent, 2019)
Source Adobe
Date. 2019
Location SIGGRAPH 2019
Event
Details. “When someone edits a text transcript
of the video, the software combines all this
collected data — the phonemes, visemes, and
3D face model — to construct new footage that
matches the text input. This is then pasted onto
the source video to create the final result.”
“The researchers note that technology like this
has many beneficial uses, too. It would be of
great help to the film and TV industries,
allowing them to fix misspoken lines without
rerecording footage, and create seamless dubs
of actors speaking different languages.”
(Vincent, 2019)
Type of alteration Visual and
audio alterations resulting in
replacing words in a speech
Video demonstrating
how parts of the
speech are replaced
(Fried, 2019).
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?time_co
ntinue=499&v=0ybL
CfVeFL4
Sec 8:19