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Chapter 9: Learning Objectives 1. Identify various types of organized interests and distinguish interest groups from political parties. 2. Describe strategies used by interest groups to influence the political process. 3. Assess the organizational problems facing interest groups and the factors contributing to their success. 4. List some of the most powerful interest groups and explain their purposes and strategies. 5. Evaluate the costs and benefits of interest group activity for American democracy. Introduction Whereas political parties mainly exist to support campaigns and win elections, interest groups seek to directly influence government policy. Interest groups play an important role in extending the practice of democracy by linking citizens and citizen groups to their government in a more permanent fashion than do periodic elections. Interest groups may educate voters and public officials on the issues, support candidates in their campaigns, and litigate in the courts, among other functions. But the relationship of interest groups to democracy is neither simple nor consistently beneficial. Interest groups may also pursue specific objectives harmful to society’s larger interests. This lesson explores the range of interest group activity in the American political system and evaluates the impact of interest groups on policy and, more generally, the democratic process. Study Questions 1. How do interest groups differ from political parties? 2. Why do interest groups form? 3. Define the following: a. The collective action problem b. Free riders 4. Why are some groups more successful in mobilizing their potential membership than others? 5. Define the following types of interest groups and give at least one example of each, including: a. Public interest groups b. Economic interest groups c. Government groups d. Single-issue vs. Multi-issue e. Political Action Committees f. Ideological 6. What is the difference between a "public" and a "special" interest? Is the dividing line usually clear? Give an example. 7. What kind of individuals are more likely to be represented in interest groups? 8. What strategies do interest groups use to achieve their goals? Discuss the following: a. Lobbying b. Grass-roots organization (vs. "astro-turfing") c. Public relations d. PACs and political contributions e. Advertisements f. Demonstrations 9. How do lobbyists practice their trade? What legal constraints have been placed on lobbying? 10. Explain some of the problems associated with interest group participation in the policy-making process. To what phenomena do the following phrases refer? a. Iron triangles b. The revolving door c. Capture theory of regulation 11. The number of lobbyists working in Washington, DC has more than doubled in the last eight years. Many believe that the influence of lobbyists has proven seriously corrosive to democratic principles. Do you agree? 12. What is the theory known as pluralism? 13. Contrast pluralism with the elitist unde.
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Page 1 Question part one Outline Interest Groups and Public Policy 1. Definition of an interest group: (a) Collection of people; (b) that share a common interest, cause, agenda or goal; (c) that has organized itself to pursue a public policy objective; (d) in the political arena. 2. Major categories of interest groups: (a) economic – largest, most varied, and most important; (b) single issue – focus on one issue, not economic; (c) ideological – has political agenda; (d) public interest – public concerns; (e) foreign policy – foreign nations and American citizens who identify with a foreign nation; (f) Governmental – employees and institutions; (g) social – groups that have social identity. 3. Americans, a nation of joiners; existence of many citizen interests; freedom to organize and act on behalf of interests basic to a democratic system of government. 4. Interest groups are actively engaged at every level of government: federal, state, local. 5. Unique aspects of the structure of the American political and economic system impact the work and efforts of interest groups: (a)Federalism: creates decentralization of power and encourages interest group formation and activity by providing numerous points of access within national and state government. (b) Separation of powers: with no concentration of government power interest groups can enter the policy making process at different points of access – congressional committees, executive branch agencies, levels of the judiciary. (C) Political andeconomic culture: we encourage individual rights, free speech, freedom to politically organize, respect for private property, capitalism, the free marketplace, the work ethic, etc. All these factors create a culture that promotes the efforts of interest groups to be politically involved and attempt to limit government intervention in the economy. (d) Checks and balances: Gives interests groups multiple opportunities to work within various institutions of the political arena. (e) Media: TV, Radio, Social media, Internet: contributes to promoting interest group activity (membership, information exchange, donations). (f) Diminished role of political parties: Offers interest groups an opportunity to play a greater in the political environment. 6. Factions: Founding fathers feared divisive factions: interest groups and political parties. Founders believed that interest groups and political parties would promote interests “adverse” to the “aggregate” concerns of the general public. 7. Critical view of the role of interest groups: (a) makes it difficult to govern effectively or fairly as they create inequalities and ineffectual governance. (b) Public policy has become a private bargaining relationship between government officials and interest groups. (.
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Political Science: An Introduction Fourteenth Edition Chapter 9 Interest Groups Roskin | Cord | Medeiros | Jones Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions boosted interest groups to new—some said dangerous—heights. Dubbed "super-PACs," the new groups allowed super rich anonymous donors to pour unlimited funds into political campaigns. Billionaires contributed millions to candidates and groups that supported their financial and ideological interests through these super-PACs. Campaign contributions and spending soared, but the overall net effect on election outcomes was unclear. 2 Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 9.1 Define interest groups and distinguish them from parties. 9.2 Explain the relationship between interest groups and democracy. 9.3 List, with examples, the factors that make interest groups effective. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 9.4 Explain the several strategies interest groups use. 9.5 Explain and give examples of how interest groups may become too strong. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Ubiquity of Interest Groups (1 of 3) 9.1 Define interest groups and distinguish them from parties. Interest groups provide a critical link between citizens and government. In general an individual has little influence over policy outcomes and government. When individuals form a group, they can have a great deal of influence. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 The Ubiquity of Interest Groups (2 of 3) 9.1 Define interest groups and distinguish them from parties. Because everyone wants something from government, interest groups exist in all types of societies. Even dictatorships have interest groups, although they may behave in ways that are very different from how they behave in open societies. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 The Ubiquity of Interest Groups (3 of 3) 9.1 Define interest groups and distinguish them from parties. When we talk about interest groups, we generally mean any group that is trying to influence government. This is an important point, because Americans frequently use the term "special interest" to refer to groups they do not like that are trying to influence government, but in practice we are all special interests. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Interest Groups and Political Parties (1 of 3) Interest groups differ from political parties in several ways. Interest groups seek to influence policy but do not seek to control government, which means that most .
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Question 1 No one entity or public servant can do a job alone. Teamwork, collaboration, and coordination are key elements in public service. The local government is dependent on state agencies and or neighboring jurisdictions as well as funding from the national level. Conversely, federal authorities often rely on local and state entities to manage or maintain programs at the grassroots level. Discuss the central importance of coordination among public agencies (Chapter 4). What is it and why is it often important? What are some of the factors that might undermine or strengthen efforts to improve coordination? (As always, you can employ real-world examples to bring this concept to life.) Question 2 Based on the reading, outline the types of grants that may be available to state and local government. Research two specific grant programs that would be available to an emergency management organization at the state or local level from another level of government. Explain the uses of the grants and the specifications for utilizing the funding. Please provide references in APA format. Question 3 Your response to the question below should be at least one brief paragraph. Describe the main two models of bureaucracy and elements of each model. Provide an explanation as to which model you find is most effectively used in public administration. Question 4 Your response to each question below should be at least one brief paragraph. a.) Identify two theories of organizational behavior and provide the key differences. (At least one paragraph) b.) How is modern organizational theory different and provide rationale as to if it is better or worse in practice? (At least one paragraph) Question 5 Your response to each question below should be at least one brief paragraph. Communication and interagency coordination are crucial in emergency management. a.) Outline the components of communication and provide a real-world example of how communication worked effectively and ineffectively between different levels of government, departments, and agencies in a crisis situation. (At least one paragraph) b.) Provide at least one recommendation to improve communication. (At least one paragraph) Add ( 10 on this scince advanced 10 was paid) Response one pol-3 The relationship between the President of the United States and the American party system is one of great complexity. Unlike a Prime Minister or Parliament style government, the President is chosen from the electoral base; rather than their own political party (Wiesehomeier, 2009). This major difference can either be a good thing or a burden for a President, depending on how they lead and utilize tools at their disposal. For example, the art of flip flopping. Generally the term has a negative connotation and is used by the media to convey an unstable or lying leader. It is normal to have leaders change their positions on subjects depending on changing variables or additional information given to them af ...
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This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
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Chapter 9 notes
1.
Magruder’s American Government
C H A P T E R 9 Interest Groups © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Membership in Labor
Unions Chapter 9, Section 2 3 1
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