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Esophageal Cancer Surgery at World Class Hospitals in India
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Esophageal Cancer
Cancer that begins in the esophagus (also called
esophageal cancer) is divided into two major
types, squamous cell carcinoma and
adenocarcinoma, depending on the type of cells
that are malignant. Squamous cell carcinomas
arise in squamous cells that line the esophagus.
These cancers usually occur in the upper and
middle part of the esophagus. Adenocarcinomas
usually develop in the glandular tissue in the
lower part of the esophagus. The treatment is
similar for both types of esophageal cancer. If the
cancer spreads outside the esophagus, it often
goes to the lymph nodes first. (Lymph nodes are
small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the
body's immune system.) Esophageal cancer can
also spread to almost any other part of the body,
including the liver, lungs, brain, and bones.

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Diagnosis Of Esophageal Cancer
Barium Swallow or Upper Gastrointestinal
(GI) X-rays
Barium in liquid form is used to coat the
esophagus wall and then a digital x-ray is taken so
that the condition of the esophagus can be clearly
seen.
Upper Endoscopy for Esophageal Cancer
Endoscope is a flexible, very narrow tube with a
video camera and light on the end. The patient is
sedated to allow for this tube to pass through into
the esophagus and stomach. The doctor can see
on a compute monitor the abnormalities in the wall
of the esophagus clearly.

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Endoscopic Ultrasound for Esophageal Cancer
An endoscope with a small ultrasound probe attached to its sends
very sensitive sound waves that penetrate deep into tissues. The
sound waves bounce off the normal tissues images convey how
deeply the tumor has invaded into the esopha
Bronchoscopy for Esophageal Cancer
The physician looks into the trachea (windpipe) and bronchi (tubes
leading from the trachea to the lung).
Positron Emission Tomography (PET SCAN ) for Esophageal
Cancer
In this test, the patient is administered radioactive isotope glucose
and since the cancers use sugar much faster than normal tissues,
the cancerous tissue takes up the radioactive material. A PET
scanner can spot the radioactive deposits.

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Treatment of Esophageal Cancer
The stage of cancer is determined first of all by
analysing the size of the tumour and the number and
location of enlarged lymph nodes. Accurate staging
helps tailor treatment to the patient's specific needs.
Staging can be done with CT scan, biopsy, esophageal
ultrasound and PET scan.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is first deployed to shrink the tumor
with carefully directed radiation at the tumor. This
helps destroy or reduce the tumor, because cancer
cells divide and grow faster than normal cells. Normal
cells usually recover successfully from new age
radiation like Linac, Gamma Knife, Novelis or
Cyberknife. Radiation therapy is given as an outpatient
for 5 minutes for 5 to 6 weeks.

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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is used to help shrink the tumor and kill any cancer cells in the lymph nodes.
There are several chemotherapy medications that work to kill lung cancer and often a
combination of 2 of these medications is prescribed. The specific medication or combination
of medications you receive will be selected based on your tumor type and your medical
history. Chemotherapy will be given as an inpatient for 4-5 day sessions twice during your
treatment. Other medications before and during chemotherapy are prescribed which are
designed to minimize and relieve the side effects.
Re-staging
Approximately 4-6 weeks after your last treatments you will undergo several tests to
determine the success of therapy. You may be required to undergo another set of tests like
CT scan of the chest and upper abdomen and Upper endoscopy and esophageal ultrasound.
Surgical Resection
If you have had chemotherapy and radiation therapy, surgical resection of the esophagus
will occur approximately 5-6 weeks after your last radiation treatment.

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