1. Chapter 11
Mediterranean Society: The Roman
Phase
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2. Establishment of Rome
 Legend of Romulus and Remus
 Rome Founded 753 BCE
 Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE
 Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE
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3. The Etruscans
 Originally from Anatolia
 Colonized Roman regions
 Society declines late 6th c. BCE
 Greek maritime attacks
 Celtic invasions from north
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4. The Kingdom of Rome
 Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE
 Streets, temples, public buildings
 Major center of trade routes
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5. Establishment of the Republic
 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan
king
 Roman forum built
 Republican constitution
 Executive: 2 consuls
 senate
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6. Social Conflict
 Patricians (aristocrats)
 Plebeians (commoners)
 Major class conflict 5th c. BCE
 Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for
representation
 Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE
 Yet 6-month appointments of dictators
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7. Expansion of the Republic
 Dominated Etruscans
 Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE
 Expansion via military threat and incentives
 Tax exemptions
 Trade privileges
 Citizenship
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8. The Punic Wars
 Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE
 Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply
 Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires
 Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd C.
BCE
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9. Imperial Expansion and Domestic
Problems
 Land distribution
 Perennial problem
 Development of large latifundia
 Unfair competition for smaller landholders
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10. The Roman Empire to 146 BCE
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11. The Gracchi Brothers
 Tiberius and Gaius
 Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats
 Assassinated
 Development of private armies made up of landless
peasants
 Gaius Marius (with reformers)
 Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)
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12. Civil War
 87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome
 Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83
BCE
 Reign of terror follows
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13. Julius Caesar
 Nephew of Marius
 Escapes Sulla’s terror
 Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad
 Rises to popularity
 Public spectacles, victories in Gaul
 Attacks Rome 49 BCE
 Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE
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14. Caesar’s Policies
 Centralized military, governance under personal control
 Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies
 Major building projects reduce urban unemploymnent
 Extended citizenship to provinces
 Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE
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15. Augustus
 Civil conflict follows death of Caesar
 Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony &
Cleopatra
 Takes title Augustus 27 BCE
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16. Augustus’ Administration
 Monarchy disguised as a republic
 Increasing centralization of political, military
power
 Stablilized empire
 Death in 14 CE
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17. Expansion and Integration of Empire
 Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas
 Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain
 Coordination of crop production, transport of natural
resources
 Developed infrastructure, cities emerge
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18. The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE
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19. Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”
 27-250 CE
 Facilitated trade, communication
 Roadwork
 Curbs, drainage, milestones
 Postal service
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20. Roman Law
 Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE
 Adapted to diverse populations under Roman
Rule
 Innocent until proven guilty
 Right to challenge accusers in court
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21. Commercial Agriculture and Trade
 Latifundia: production for export
 Regional specialization increases
 Integration of Empire-wide economy
 Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”
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22. The City of Rome
 Cash flow
 Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce
 Massive construction projects
 Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts
 Technology: concrete
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23. Roman Attractions
 Imported goods
 Underground sewage
 Circus Maximus
 250,000 spectators
 Colosseum
 Gladitorial Games
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24. Family and Society
 Pater Familias: “father of the family”
 Right to arrange marriages, sell children into
slavery
 Women not allowed to inherit property
 Rarely enforced
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25. Wealth and Social Change
 Newly rich challenge aristocracy
 Yet poor class increasing in size
 Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”
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26. Slavery
 2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population
 Customary manumission at age 30
 Agricultural work, quarries, mines
 Chain labor
 Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE
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27. Roman Deities
 Polytheistic
 Major gods
 Tutelary deities
 Absorption of gods from other cultures
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28. Cicero and Stoicism
 Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE)
 Major orator, writer
 Influenced by Greek thought
 Proponent of Stoicism
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29. Mithraism
 From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light
 Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,
discipline
 Women not admitted into cult
 Appealed to military
 Cult of Isis also popular
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30. Judaism in Early Rome
 Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient
cultures
 Refusal to recognize state gods
 Repeated Jewish rebellions
 Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in
Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)
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31. Synagogue at Capernaum
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32. The Essenes
 Messianic Jewish Cult
 Baptism
 Ascetic lifestyle
 Dead Sea Scrolls
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33. Jesus of Nazareth
 Jewish teacher
 Moral code, reputation for miracle-working
 Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify
Jesus
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34. Jesus’ Early Followers
 Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature
 Title Christ: “Anointed One”
 Teachings recorded in New Testament
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35. Paul of Tarsus
 Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles
 Intensive travel, missionary activity
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36. Early Christian Communities
 Local leaders: Bishops
 Regional variation in doctrine and ritual
 Nature of resurrection
 Role of women
 Gradual acceptance of core texts
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37. Growth of Early Christianity
 Roman persecution
 Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity
 Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised
classes
 Urban poor
 women
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