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Chapter 14

The Expansive Realm of Islam

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Muhammad and His Message
 Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca
 Orphaned as a child
 Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant
 Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and
Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula

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Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation

 Visions c. 610 CE
 Archangel Gabriel
 Monotheism
 Attracts followers to Mecca

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The Quran

 Record of revelations received during visions
 Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies
632)
 Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith

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Conflict at Mecca

 Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to
polytheistic pagans
 Economic threat to existing religious industry
 Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy

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The Hijra
 Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE
 Year 0 in Muslim calendar
 Organizes followers into communal society (the umma)
 Legal, spiritual code
 Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma

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The “Seal of the Prophets”

 Islam as culmination and correction of Judaism,
Christianity
 Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts

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Muhammad’s Return to Mecca

 Attack on Mecca, 630
 Conversion of Mecca to Islam
 Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques
 Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca
 Approved as pilgrimage site

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The Ka’aba

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The Five Pillars of Islam

 No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet
 Daily prayer
 Fasting during Ramadan
 Charity
 Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

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Muslims at Prayer

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Jihad

 “struggle”
 Against vice
 Against ignorance of Islam
 “holy war”

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Islamic Law: The Sharia

 Codification of Islamic law
 Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of
analysis
 Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human
activity

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The Caliph

 No clear to successor to Muhammad identified
 Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph
 Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam
after death of Muhammad

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The Expansion of Islam

 Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid
territories
 Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory

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The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

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The Shia
 Disagreements over selection of caliphs
 Ali passed over for Abu Bakr
 Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then assassinated along
with most of his followers
 Remaining followers organize separate party called
“Shia”
 Traditionalists: Sunni

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Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala

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The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)

 From Meccan merchant class
 Capital: Damascus, Syria
 Associated with Arab military aristocracy

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Policy toward Conquered Peoples
 Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes
discontent
 Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
 Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
 Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline
in moral authority

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The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)

 Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-
Arab Muslims
 Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
 Defeats Umayyad army in 750
 Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them

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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty

 Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not
exclusively Arab)
 Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial
expansion
 Dar al-Islam
 Growth through military activity of autonomous
Islamic forces

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Abbasid Administration

 Persian influence
 Court at Baghdad
 Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi)

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Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE)

 High point of Abbasid dynasty
 Baghdad center of commerce
 Great cultural activity

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Abbasid Decline
 Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
 Provincial governers assert regional independence
 Dissenting sects, heretical movements
 Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility
 Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind
the throne

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Economy of the Early Islamic World
 Spread of food and industrial crops
 Trade routes from India to Spain
 Western diet adapts to wide variety
 New crops adapted to different growing seasons
 Agricultural sciences develop
 Cotton, paper industries develop
 Major cities emerge

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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading
Zone
 Historical precedent of Arabic trade
 Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
 ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th
century
 Camel caravans
 Maritime trade

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Banking and Trade

 Scale of trade causes banks to develop
 Sakk (“check”)
 Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-
Islam promotes trade
 Joint ventures common

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Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)

 Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa
take Spain, early 8th c.
 Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize
Abbasid dynasty
 Formed own caliphate
 Tensions, but interrelationship

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Changing Status of Women
 Quran improves status of women
 Outlawed female infanticide
 Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
 Yet male dominance preserved
 Patrilineal descent
 Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden
 Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

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Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition

 Islamic values
 Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
 Establishment of madrasas
 Importance of the Hajj
 Sufi missionaries
 Asceticism, mysticism
 Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
 Wide popularity

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Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)

 Major Sufi thinker from Persia
 Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of
Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead

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Cultural influences on Islam
 Persia
 Adminstration and governance
 literature
 India
 Mathematics, science, medicine
 “Hindi” numbers
 Greece
 Philosophy, esp. Aristotle
 Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)

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