2. Objectives
1. Discuss the Historical evolution of nursing research.
2. Define the research Terminology.
3. Explain method of acquiring knowledge.
4. Define Problem solving.
5. Explain steps of Problem solving method.
6. Mention the steps in scientific method.
7. Discuss the limitations of scientific method Methods.
8. Define research and nursing research.
9. Discuss the type of research.
10. Enumerate the characteristics and purpose of research
11. Explain the scope and area of nursing research.
12. Identify the problem in conducting nursing research.
13. Discuss the role of a nurse in the research process.
3. Historical evolution of nursing research
Nursing research has a rich history that has evolved over the past century. The
following is a brief overview of the historical evolution of nursing research:
Early 1900s: During the early 1900s, nursing research was primarily focused on the
education and training of nurses. Many nursing schools began to develop research
programs to advance the knowledge and skills of their students.
1920s-1930s: In the 1920s and 1930s, nursing research began to focus on the study of
disease and patient care. Nurses started to collaborate with medical professionals to
develop new treatments and interventions.
1940s-1950s: The 1940s and 1950s saw significant advancements in nursing research.
During World War II, nurses played a crucial role in caring for injured soldiers, which
led to a greater emphasis on the importance of nursing research. The nursing profession
began to establish research organizations, such as the American Nurses Association
(ANA) and the National League for Nursing (NLN), to promote research and education.
4. Historical evolution of nursing research
1960s-1970s: The 1960s and 1970s were marked by a growing awareness of the need for
evidence-based practice in nursing. Researchers began to study the effectiveness of nursing
interventions and developed new methods for measuring patient outcomes.
1980s-1990s: In the 1980s and 1990s, nursing research shifted its focus to include issues
related to healthcare policy, health promotion, and disease prevention. Researchers began to
study the impact of social and environmental factors on health and wellness.
2000s-present: In the 21st century, nursing research has continued to evolve and expand. The
development of new technologies and the growth of interdisciplinary research have led to
new opportunities for nurses to collaborate with other healthcare professionals and scientists.
Overall, nursing research has come a long way since its early beginnings, and it continues to
play a critical role in advancing the nursing profession and improving patient outcomes.
5. Research Terminology
Here are some commonly used research terminology and their definitions:
1. Research: A systematic investigation to discover, interpret, and/or develop knowledge,
theories, or practices.
2. Hypothesis: A statement that predicts a relationship or difference between two or more
variables.
3. Variable: A characteristic or attribute that can take on different values or levels in a
study.
4. Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher
to see its effect on the dependent variable.
5. Dependent variable: The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes
in the independent variable.
6. Data: Facts, figures, or information collected during a research study.
6. Research Terminology
7. Qualitative research: Research that seeks to explore, understand, or describe phenomena
through non-numerical data such as words, images, and observations.
8. Quantitative research: Research that uses numerical data and statistical analyses to test
hypotheses and draw conclusions.
9. Sampling: The process of selecting a subset of individuals or objects from a larger
population to participate in a research study.
10. Random sampling: A sampling technique where every member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected for the study.
11. Data analysis: The process of organizing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions from data
collected during a research study.
12. Ethics: The moral principles and values that guide researchers in their work, including issues
related to informed consent, confidentiality, and the protection of human subjects.
7. Method of acquiring knowledge.
There are several methods of acquiring knowledge, including the following:
1. Empiricism: Empiricism is the process of acquiring knowledge through direct observation
and experience. This method involves gathering data through the senses, such as sight,
hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
2. Rationalism: Rationalism is the process of acquiring knowledge through logical reasoning
and deduction. This method involves using a priori knowledge (i.e., knowledge that is based
on reason alone and not derived from experience) to arrive at new conclusions.
3. Intuition: Intuition is the process of acquiring knowledge through a "gut feeling" or
instinctual sense. This method involves relying on one's inner sense or personal judgment to
arrive at a conclusion.
4. Authority: Authority is the process of acquiring knowledge through the testimony or
expertise of others. This method involves accepting information or ideas from a trusted
source, such as a teacher, expert, or authoritative text.
5. Scientific method: The scientific method is a systematic and rigorous approach to acquiring
knowledge that involves formulating hypotheses, testing them through observation and
experimentation, and drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence.
8. Problem solving and Steps of Problem
solving method
Problem solving is the process of identifying, analyzing, and resolving a problem or issue. It involves using critical
thinking skills and logical reasoning to find a solution or make a decision.
The steps of problem solving method are:
1. Identify the problem: The first step in problem solving is to identify and define the problem. This involves gathering
information, observing the situation, and clarifying the issue at hand.
2. Analyze the problem: Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to analyze it in more detail. This involves
breaking down the problem into smaller parts, examining the causes and effects of the problem, and identifying any
underlying assumptions or biases.
3. Generate possible solutions: After analyzing the problem, the next step is to generate a list of possible solutions. This
involves brainstorming, using creativity and imagination to come up with new ideas, and evaluating the pros and cons
of each potential solution.
4. Evaluate the solutions: Once a list of possible solutions has been generated, the next step is to evaluate each option in
more detail. This involves considering factors such as feasibility, effectiveness, and potential risks or drawbacks.
5. Choose the best solution: After evaluating the possible solutions, the next step is to choose the best one. This involves
weighing the pros and cons of each option and selecting the solution that is most likely to be effective.
6. Implement the solution: After choosing the best solution, the next step is to implement it. This involves putting the
plan into action, monitoring progress, and making any necessary adjustments along the way.
7. Evaluate the results: The final step in problem solving is to evaluate the results of the chosen solution. This involves
assessing whether the problem has been successfully resolved, identifying any remaining issues or challenges, and
making any necessary improvements or changes for the future.
9. Steps in scientific method
1. Observation: The first step in the scientific method is to make an observation or gather information about a
phenomenon of interest. This can be done through direct observation, literature review, or other means of
collecting data.
2. Formulation of a question: After making an observation, the next step is to formulate a question that can
be answered through scientific investigation. The question should be clear, specific, and testable.
3. Hypothesis: Based on the question, a hypothesis is formulated. A hypothesis is an explanation or prediction
about the relationship between two or more variables.
4. Prediction: The hypothesis is used to make a prediction about what will happen in a specific situation.
5. Experimentation: An experiment is designed to test the prediction and evaluate the hypothesis. The
experiment should be carefully planned, with controls and variables identified and managed appropriately.
6. Data collection: During the experiment, data is collected through observation, measurement, or other
means of recording information.
7. Data analysis: The data is analyzed using statistical and other methods to determine whether the results
support or refute the hypothesis.
8. Conclusion: Based on the data analysis, a conclusion is drawn about whether the hypothesis is supported
or refuted. If the hypothesis is supported, the conclusion may lead to further research or development of
theories. If the hypothesis is refuted, the process of scientific investigation continues with new observations
and questions.
10. Limitations of scientific method Methods
While the scientific method is a powerful tool for acquiring knowledge, there are several limitations
to its use. These limitations include:
1. Human error: Even the most carefully designed experiment can be affected by human error.
Mistakes in data collection or analysis can lead to incorrect conclusions, and bias can influence
the interpretation of results.
2. Complexity of natural phenomena: Many natural phenomena are complex and cannot be fully
understood through the scientific method alone. For example, the behavior of large-scale systems
such as ecosystems, economies, and societies are difficult to predict or control through
experimentation.
3. Ethical considerations: Some research questions or methods may raise ethical concerns or
violate principles of human rights. For example, experiments on animals or humans may be
considered unethical, even if they are designed to advance scientific knowledge.
4. Practical limitations: Conducting experiments can be time-consuming, expensive, and require
specialized equipment or expertise. This can limit the number of studies that can be performed,
or the ability to replicate results.
5. Limitations of instrumentation: The limitations of instruments used to measure variables may
affect the accuracy of results. This is especially true for variables that are difficult to measure or
have a high level of variability.
6. Limited scope: The scientific method is limited to phenomena that can be measured and
observed. It is difficult to use the scientific method to investigate non-observable phenomena,
such as consciousness or subjective experiences.
11. Research and Nursing Research
Research can be defined as a systematic and structured investigation conducted to acquire
new knowledge or validate existing knowledge. It involves the use of scientific methods to
collect, analyze, and interpret data in order to answer a specific question or solve a
problem. Research can be conducted in various fields, including science, social science,
engineering, and healthcare.
Nursing research, on the other hand, is a specialized form of research that focuses on
topics related to nursing and healthcare. It involves the use of research methods to study
nursing practice, education, administration, and patient outcomes. Nursing research aims to
improve the quality of care provided to patients, enhance the professional development of
nurses, and inform policy decisions related to healthcare.
12. Types of Research
There are different types of research that can be conducted depending on the research question, the nature of the problem,
and the research objectives. Some common types of research include:
• Quantitative research: This type of research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data using statistical
methods. It aims to test hypotheses and identify patterns or relationships between variables. Examples of quantitative
research include experimental studies, survey research, and correlational studies.
• Qualitative research: This type of research involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as
interviews, observations, and text. It aims to explore subjective experiences, meanings, and perspectives, and to gain an
in-depth understanding of complex phenomena. Examples of qualitative research include case studies, ethnography,
and grounded theory.
• Mixed methods research: This type of research involves the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods to
address research questions. It aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the research topic by combining
the strengths of both approaches.
• Applied research: This type of research is conducted to address practical problems and to inform decision-making in
real-world settings. Examples of applied research include program evaluation, quality improvement studies, and policy
analysis.
• Basic research: This type of research is conducted to expand the existing knowledge base and to generate new theories
or concepts. Examples of basic research include studies of biological processes, physical laws, and mathematical
models.
• Experimental research: This type of research involves manipulating one or more variables in a controlled setting to
determine the effect on an outcome of interest. This type of research is often used to test the effectiveness of a
particular intervention or treatment.
• Observational research: This type of research involves observing and recording the behavior or characteristics of
individuals or groups in a natural setting. This type of research can provide insights into the experiences of individuals
or groups in a particular context.
13. Characteristics of Research
1. Systematic and logical approach: Research follows a systematic and logical approach
to gather data, analyze it, and draw conclusions.
2. Empirical: Research is based on evidence that can be observed and measured.
3. Objective: Research is unbiased and free from personal opinions or emotions.
4. Replicable: Research can be replicated by other researchers to verify the results.
5. Controlled: Research is conducted under controlled conditions to minimize the
influence of external factors.
6. Cumulative: Research builds on existing knowledge and contributes to the
development of new theories and concepts.
14. Purpose of Research
1. To advance knowledge: Research helps to expand our understanding of a particular
topic or phenomenon and contribute to the development of new knowledge.
2. To solve problems: Research can help to identify solutions to practical problems in
various fields, including healthcare, education, business, and social sciences.
3. To improve practice: Research can help to improve practice by identifying effective
interventions or treatments, developing best practices, and evaluating the quality of
care.
4. To make informed decisions: Research provides evidence-based information that can
be used to make informed decisions in various settings, including policy-making,
business, and healthcare.
5. To evaluate programs or policies: Research can help to evaluate the effectiveness of
programs or policies in achieving their intended outcomes.
15. Scope and Area of Research
Nursing research is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of topics related to nursing practice,
healthcare delivery, and patient outcomes. The scope and areas of nursing research can be categorized into
several domains, including:
1. Clinical practice: Nursing research in this area focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of nursing
interventions, developing best practices, and improving patient outcomes. Examples include studies on
the effectiveness of different pain management strategies, the impact of nursing care on patient
satisfaction, and the role of nursing in preventing healthcare-associated infections.
2. Education: Nursing research in this area focuses on the development of effective teaching strategies,
evaluation of nursing education programs, and the use of technology in nursing education. Examples
include studies on the effectiveness of simulation-based learning in nursing education, the impact of
mentoring programs on nursing students, and the use of mobile apps for nursing education.
3. Leadership and management: Nursing research in this area focuses on the development of effective
leadership and management strategies, the impact of organizational culture on nursing practice, and the
role of nursing leaders in improving patient outcomes. Examples include studies on the impact of
transformational leadership on job satisfaction among nurses, the relationship between nurse staffing
and patient outcomes, and the effectiveness of shared governance models in improving nursing
practice.
4. Health promotion and disease prevention: Nursing research in this area focuses on the development
of effective strategies for health promotion and disease prevention, the impact of health behaviors on
patient outcomes, and the role of nursing in health promotion. Examples include studies on the
effectiveness of smoking cessation programs, the impact of physical activity on chronic disease
prevention, and the role of nurses in promoting healthy lifestyles.
16. Problems in conducting nursing research
There are several challenges and issues that can arise when conducting nursing research. Some of the
common problems that researchers may encounter include:
1. Access to participants: Researchers may face difficulty in recruiting participants for their studies,
especially in sensitive or stigmatized topics. Additionally, participants may drop out or fail to complete
the study, which can affect the validity and reliability of the results.
2. Ethical issues: Nursing research involves working with human subjects, which requires researchers to
follow ethical principles and guidelines to ensure the safety and well-being of participants. Ethical
issues may arise when obtaining informed consent, protecting participant confidentiality, and ensuring
the ethical use of data.
3. Limited resources: Conducting nursing research can be expensive and time-consuming, and
researchers may face challenges in obtaining funding and other resources to support their studies.
4. Data management and analysis: Collecting and managing data can be complex and time-consuming,
and researchers may face challenges in analyzing and interpreting their findings.
5. Bias and subjectivity: Researchers may bring their own biases and subjectivity to the research
process, which can affect the validity and reliability of the results. Additionally, bias and subjectivity
can arise in the selection of research methods and data analysis techniques.
6. Limited generalizability: Nursing research is often conducted in specific populations or settings,
which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations or settings.
7. Time constraints: Conducting nursing research can be a time-consuming process, and researchers may
face challenges in balancing their research activities with their clinical or academic responsibilities.
17. Role of Nurse in Research Process
Nurses play a vital role in the research process, as they have a unique perspective and understanding of patient
care and healthcare delivery. The role of a nurse in the research process may include:
1. Identifying research questions: Nurses can identify research questions and areas of study based on their
clinical experience and observations. Nurses can also identify research questions based on patient needs
and gaps in current knowledge.
2. Participating in the research design: Nurses can play a key role in designing research studies, including
selecting appropriate research methods, developing study protocols, and identifying potential challenges
and solutions.
3. Recruiting and obtaining informed consent from participants: Nurses can assist with recruiting
participants for research studies and obtaining informed consent from them. They can also provide
education and support to participants throughout the research process.
4. Collecting and managing data: Nurses can collect and manage data in research studies, including
administering surveys and assessments, collecting biological samples, and managing data storage and
security.
5. Analyzing and interpreting data: Nurses can play a key role in analyzing and interpreting research data,
including identifying patterns and trends and drawing conclusions from the data.
6. Disseminating research findings: Nurses can help to disseminate research findings through presentations,
publications, and other means. They can also apply research findings to clinical practice and advocate for
changes in healthcare policy and practice.
