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Reducing Black Carbon and
     Agricultural Burning:
Benefitting Health, Climate and Agriculture
                      Pam Pearson
     International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI)
                     August 19, 2011
Summary
• Black carbon’s impact on the Arctic – and the
  Arctic’s impact on global climate change
• Why open burning in Russia is so important
  to the Arctic
• Planned programs and funding
• Discussion: where should programs focus?



                                                  2
Arctic Sea Ice Extent: 2007 “Moved the Mean”
Backdrop
• Arctic is warming over twice as fast as the rest of the globe
• Economic emphasis on opening region to industry, but enormous
  negative consequences:
   – Highly unpredictable weather patterns: drought followed by flooding followed
     by…?
   – More intense weather patterns (extreme cold/heat or dry/wet)
   – Sea level rise: Arctic Council estimates at least 1 meter by 2100, possibly more –
     Greenland melt alone would lead to 7 meter rise is sea level
   – Changes in Arctic increase warming globally (loss of polar reflection of sunlight,
     release of very large stores of greenhouse gas methane in permafrost)

• Need to slow and eventually stop these changes to maintain stable
  environment



                                                                                          5
Black Carbon’s Importance in the
             Arctic




          Quinn, Impact of Short-Lived Pollutants on Arctic Climate, presented at
         AMAP, Oslo, September 15 2008                                            6
BC on Snow/Ice
               Causes Warming and Melting
                           • Forcing greatest in spring, during
                             melt season.
                           • Melting increases BC
                             concentration → positive
                             feedback.
                           • During some spring months, BC-
                             snow forcing exceeds 10 W m2
                             (huge in climate terms where 1 W
                             m2 is considered large)




BC and Climate Change at                              Flanner, 2009
the Third pole | Slide 7
So Why Are Agriculture, Grass, Forest Etc Fires
           In Russia So Important?
Transport of fire emissions into
       the European Arctic
Extreme pollution




     Picture courtesy: Ann-Christine Engvall
Dramatic effects on pollution levels
At Zeppelin, new records set for practically all measured compounds

Even for ozone and aerosol optical depth, which are both measured since 18 years




                                         Black Carbon
                                         (soot) – a light
                                         absorbing
                                         aerosol




Stohl et al., ACP, 2007
Arctic Council Special Working Group: Emissions of BC
                                                   Lamarque et al., ACP, 2010




        Domestic Energy +           Transport   Agricultural   Grass + Forest
                 Industrial + Waste               Fires            Fires
Some Russian government sources
report intentional agricultural fires as
the source of 98% of forest, grass and
peat fires.
Growing Interest Internationally

•     Arctic Council
•     United Nations: UN Environment
      Programme (UNEP), UNFCCC (climate
      change negotiations)
•     Convention on Long-range Transboudnary
      Air Pollution (CLRTAP), Geneva
•     Targeted Financing (methane, cookstoves)
UNEP 2011 Study: Temperature Response to Decreases in
               Black Carbon and Methane




Reduced Arctic warming by over 0.7 oC by 2040 compared to the reference scenario,
with measures taken 2010-2030. Mitigating ~2/3 of projected 1.2 degrees warming
Arctic Council
• Eight member nations (Canada, Denmark,
  Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden,
  U.S.)
• Official and ad hoc observers: EC, U.K.,
  Germany, Italy, Netherlands, France, Spain,
  China, South Korea
• “SLCF” (Short-lived Climate Forcer) Task Force,
  SLCF Demonstration Project group and SLCF
  research group
Current Efforts
• USDA funding for research and conferences
• NGO grants for forest area pilot projects:
  $100,000 2011 season, $200,000 2012 season
• Arctic Council: several million in potential
  pipeline
• NGOs: Bellona Russia



                                             17
Reducing Ag Burning Largely “No regrets”


• Health impacts
• Loss of life and property
• Least expensive among BC measures (diesel
  retrofits $1500/car, $5-6000/truck)
• More cost-effective for farmers to use other
  methods to deal with stubble (harvest,
  fertilizer), HOWEVER capital investment
  needed and significant barrier
Future Efforts:
• Where methods best in Russian agricultural
  environment (no-till, gather straw for fuel,
  etc)?
• What support needed in Russian context:
  – Micro-financing for new equipment?
  – Seminars?
  – Using agricultural organizations, extension
    service?
  – Demonstration farms?
  – Working Group on Burning: Spring 2012         19
For more information and additional
  presentations:

                  www.amap.no
                  www.unep.int
            www.fires-and-the-arctic.org
                   www.catf.us
                www.iccinet.org

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Ag burning russia2011pp

  • 1. Reducing Black Carbon and Agricultural Burning: Benefitting Health, Climate and Agriculture Pam Pearson International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI) August 19, 2011
  • 2. Summary • Black carbon’s impact on the Arctic – and the Arctic’s impact on global climate change • Why open burning in Russia is so important to the Arctic • Planned programs and funding • Discussion: where should programs focus? 2
  • 3. Arctic Sea Ice Extent: 2007 “Moved the Mean”
  • 4.
  • 5. Backdrop • Arctic is warming over twice as fast as the rest of the globe • Economic emphasis on opening region to industry, but enormous negative consequences: – Highly unpredictable weather patterns: drought followed by flooding followed by…? – More intense weather patterns (extreme cold/heat or dry/wet) – Sea level rise: Arctic Council estimates at least 1 meter by 2100, possibly more – Greenland melt alone would lead to 7 meter rise is sea level – Changes in Arctic increase warming globally (loss of polar reflection of sunlight, release of very large stores of greenhouse gas methane in permafrost) • Need to slow and eventually stop these changes to maintain stable environment 5
  • 6. Black Carbon’s Importance in the Arctic Quinn, Impact of Short-Lived Pollutants on Arctic Climate, presented at AMAP, Oslo, September 15 2008 6
  • 7. BC on Snow/Ice Causes Warming and Melting • Forcing greatest in spring, during melt season. • Melting increases BC concentration → positive feedback. • During some spring months, BC- snow forcing exceeds 10 W m2 (huge in climate terms where 1 W m2 is considered large) BC and Climate Change at Flanner, 2009 the Third pole | Slide 7
  • 8. So Why Are Agriculture, Grass, Forest Etc Fires In Russia So Important?
  • 9. Transport of fire emissions into the European Arctic
  • 10. Extreme pollution Picture courtesy: Ann-Christine Engvall
  • 11. Dramatic effects on pollution levels At Zeppelin, new records set for practically all measured compounds Even for ozone and aerosol optical depth, which are both measured since 18 years Black Carbon (soot) – a light absorbing aerosol Stohl et al., ACP, 2007
  • 12. Arctic Council Special Working Group: Emissions of BC Lamarque et al., ACP, 2010 Domestic Energy + Transport Agricultural Grass + Forest Industrial + Waste Fires Fires
  • 13. Some Russian government sources report intentional agricultural fires as the source of 98% of forest, grass and peat fires.
  • 14. Growing Interest Internationally • Arctic Council • United Nations: UN Environment Programme (UNEP), UNFCCC (climate change negotiations) • Convention on Long-range Transboudnary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), Geneva • Targeted Financing (methane, cookstoves)
  • 15. UNEP 2011 Study: Temperature Response to Decreases in Black Carbon and Methane Reduced Arctic warming by over 0.7 oC by 2040 compared to the reference scenario, with measures taken 2010-2030. Mitigating ~2/3 of projected 1.2 degrees warming
  • 16. Arctic Council • Eight member nations (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, U.S.) • Official and ad hoc observers: EC, U.K., Germany, Italy, Netherlands, France, Spain, China, South Korea • “SLCF” (Short-lived Climate Forcer) Task Force, SLCF Demonstration Project group and SLCF research group
  • 17. Current Efforts • USDA funding for research and conferences • NGO grants for forest area pilot projects: $100,000 2011 season, $200,000 2012 season • Arctic Council: several million in potential pipeline • NGOs: Bellona Russia 17
  • 18. Reducing Ag Burning Largely “No regrets” • Health impacts • Loss of life and property • Least expensive among BC measures (diesel retrofits $1500/car, $5-6000/truck) • More cost-effective for farmers to use other methods to deal with stubble (harvest, fertilizer), HOWEVER capital investment needed and significant barrier
  • 19. Future Efforts: • Where methods best in Russian agricultural environment (no-till, gather straw for fuel, etc)? • What support needed in Russian context: – Micro-financing for new equipment? – Seminars? – Using agricultural organizations, extension service? – Demonstration farms? – Working Group on Burning: Spring 2012 19
  • 20. For more information and additional presentations: www.amap.no www.unep.int www.fires-and-the-arctic.org www.catf.us www.iccinet.org

Notas del editor

  1. HERE IS ONE PERHAPS CLOSEST, SEA ICE EXTENT
  2. Error bar on BC snow -87 to +240, or about same as atmospheric to (alone) equal CO2
  3. Modeling by Flanner (2007) suggests that the impact of BC on climate may be greatest in the mid-latitudes of Central and East Asia because of the BC-snow forcing. The greatest forcing is over the Tibetan Plateau, averaging 1.5 W m-2 over all land. In the HKHT region, BC-snow forcing is at a maximum in the spring, the time when it has the greatest influence on snowmelt rate (Flanner et al., 2007). During some spring months BC-snow forcing exceeds 10 W m-2 over parts of eastern China and 20 W m-2 over the Tibetan Plateau. The forcing is greatest over the Plateau because lower latitudes are exposed to more solar radiation (closer to the equator), have less vegetation cover, and are closer to the sources of black carbon.
  4. Global and regional temperature differences relative to the ‘current legislation’ reference due to the combined emissions control measures.