Presentation given by CARE at GAAP final technical workshop in Addis Ababa, January 2013

1. Evaluating impact of
Strengthening Dairy Value Chain project
on Gender Inequality, Asset ownership
and control of dairy farmers in
NorthWest Bangladesh
Addis Ababa
10 January'2013
Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain Project

2. Content
• What is SDVC, SDVC GAAP, SDVC GAAP
Women Empowerment intervention
• Types of Assets studied
• Research Questions
• M&E Methods
• Quantitative Analysis
• Qualitative Analysis
• Preliminary results
• Next steps

3. Motivation
Strengthening the Dairy Value Chain (SDVC) Project
Goal: Double the dairy-related incomes of smallholder farmers in northwest
Bangladesh by addressing the major challenges to improving smallholder
participation in the value chain by
• Mobilizing farmers through formation of small holder dairy farmer groups
• Building capacities of selected farmer group leaders, dairy collectors, livestock health
workers, AI workers
• Increasing access to milk markets and productivity enhancing inputs
Targeted Beneficiaries: 36,400 smallholder dairy farmers of NorthWest Bangladesh
• with weak dairy value chains
• prone to natural disasters such as floods
• functionally landless (less than 0.5 acres of cultivable land)
• and earning about USD 20 – 30 equivalent per month
Program starts and end: Sept' 2007 to Dec' 2015
Current SDVC M&E data contains valuable information on gender asset
gap: Data demonstrates that this program might be having significant effects on gender
integration and the accumulation of assets by women who are part of the program.

4. Motivation
SDVC GAAP Intervention
GOAL: Evaluating impact of SDVC interventions
Targeted Beneficiary: SDVC Beneficiary
What we did and covered:
-analysis on gender roles
- gender equity format analysis
- asset ownership pattern analysis
- analysis on barriers/violence against women
Program Start and End Date: 2010-2013
Why SDVC GAAP intervention important
-Many SDVC dairy farmers, farmer group leaders, value chain actors and service
providers are women (85 percent of the 36,400 producers; 71 percent of the
3425 farmer group leaders; 22 percent of 201 livestock health workers ,9
percent of the 333 trained milk collectors and 52 AI workers)
-SDVC interventions that can enhance women's ownership and control over
cattle and income generated from sale of milk could help narrow the gender
asset gap

5. Motivation:
GAAP Women Empowerment intervention
Key features of the program
• awareness-raising sessions for SDVC groups
• engagement of men and Influential peoples
- Targeted Beneficiaries: 600 SDVC women producers and their
husbands
Program Start and Ends: January 2012- January 2013
Program offers an opportunity to conduct a WE
empowerment experiment: Design and implement an
impacts assessment of the interventions of the SDVC around
gender integration into the dairy value chain and reducing
women barriers within the dairy value chain.

6. Why is the GAAP WE intervention
important and relevant to GAAP
• Early evidence from SDVC suggested it increased
women’s time burden
• Anecdotal evidence also suggests violence against
women is common
• The GAAP VAW intervention attempts to engage
men to change their perceptions and behaviors
related to household work and domestic violence
• If effective, it could reduce the time burden of SDVC
on women and reduce violence against women and
increase asset ownership by women

7. What types of assets being studied
Natural Human
- Land - Mobility
- Livestock (cattle, goats and - Knowledge and skill
chickens) - Labor (allocation and time use)
Physical Social
- Jewelry - Group membership
- Household assets - Roles and responsibilities
- Farm equipment
Political
Financial: - Rights (as determined by
- Credit governing ideologies and
- Savings institutions

8. Research Questions
• How might have the SDVC Project affected the gender
asset gap? Specifically, did it narrow, widen or have no
effect on the gap
• If the intervention widened or had no effect on the gender
asset gap, what should be done as a mid-course
adjustment to narrow this gender asset gap?
• Among SDVC households, what impacts does GAAP WE
have on decision making, time use, and domestic violence?
• What are the key barriers for women in the dairy value
chain in the context of Bangladesh?
• How can these results inform improvements in collecting
and analyzing M&E data for SDVC phase two and other
agriculture value chain Programs

9. Methods: SDVC/GAAP-WE intervention
SDVC Quantitative impact evaluation (CARE-BD / IFPRI / DATA):
• Data collected on treatment and non-random comparison group
• Baseline in 2008; Endline to be completed by April 2013
• Using mixed effects regression, correlation analysis and differences within
differences analysis
SDVC Quantitative internal M&E data (CARE-BD):
• Data collected from randomized selected SDVC beneficiaries halfyearly
through semi-structure household survey
GAAP/GAAP WE Qualitative (CARE-BD/GAAP team):
• FGDs and KIIs with 11 SDVC groups
• Pair Review, Assets Matrix, 24 hour time clock, FGD with (3 FGDs) SDVC
groups
• Two rounds of DATA collected: to be completed by January 2013

10. SDVC Quantitative Findings:
Dairy related household income
Household Average monthly income from milk sales (tk)
2500
2342
2000
1500
1067 963 1094
1000
757 675
517
500 616
0
Mar-09 (N- 342) Mar-10 (N-892) Jan-11 (N-2472) Apr-12 (2125)
Women Men

11. Control over Dairy related income
Who take decision for use of milk sales income
90%
80%
70%
77%
60%
62%
50%
51%
40%
30% 28% 24%
20% 21% 12%
13%
10% 11%
0%
Jan-11 (N- 2472) Aug-11 (N- 2125) Apr-12 (N- 2125)
Men Women Joint

12. Asset Ownership Patterns
Percent of households that report any cattle
belonging to women
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
18.2% 17.7% 19.0%
20.0% 11.2%
16.7%
10.0%
11.2%
0.0%
Oct-09 Feb-10 Jun-10 Oct-10 Feb-11 Jun-11 Oct-11 Feb-12 Jun-12

13. Control over Asset
Who take decision to purchase a cow
90%
80% 84%
70% 76%
60% 66%
61%
50%
40% 46%
30%
24%
20% 13%
11% 9%
10% 8%
7%
10% 6%
0% 4% 6%
Mar-10 (N-892) Aug- 10 (N-2472) Jan-11 (N-2472) Aug-11 (N- 2125) Apr-12 (2125)
Women Men Jointly

14. Control over Asset
Who take decision to sale a cow
100%
90%
88%
80% 84%
70% 76% 77%
60%
61%
50%
40%
31%
30%
16%
20%
10% 12%
7%
10% 8%
11%
6% 8% 5%
0%
Mar-10 (N-892) Aug- 10 (N-2472) Jan-11 (N-2472) Aug-11 (N- 2125) Apr-12 (2125)
Women Men Jointly

15. Household Labor Division
(as of April 2012)
75% of women say their husbands help them in their household activities
73% of women say that their husbands support with the cattle washing
69% of women say that their husbands help with the grass collection
66% of women say that their husbands help with cattle feeding
28% of women say that their husbands help with teaching the children
22% of women say that their husbands help with feeding the children
9% of women say that their husbands help with the cooking
8% of women say that their husbands help with the washing of the children
1% of women say that their husbands help with the cleaning of the house.

16. GAAP Qult Results-Asset Matrix
MEN WOMEN
Access Control Asset Control
Red = Low
Cows Cows Cows Cows
Yellow = Moderate
Green = High Grass Grass Grass Grass
Money Money Money Money
Land Land Land Land
Feed Feed Feed Feed
Milk Milk Milk Milk

17. GAAP Qult Results – Barrier Tree
• Women face barrier to go out side of home or
at market places
• Women are over burdened with household
activity
• Producers don't have faith on women LHW
• Husbands do not want to give money to
deposit at group savings.
• Women do not have own income source or
own assets to have income.
• Women do not get recognition for household
activities
• Women feels uncomfortable to talk to male
veterinary doctor
• Women have to depend on their husband for
purchasing any goods or assets

18. GAAP Qult Result: – Time Use

19. GAAP Qult Result:- Access to Resources
51%
Child
34%
Who actually
consume milk
45%
Male
30%
Whom do they
think more
important to give
4% milk
Female
36%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

20. GAAP Qult Results – FGD findings
Focused Area Key Findings
Asset • Poultry and cattle were mentioned as important livestock assets (10
ownership groups) by women
pattern &
dairy income
• Cattle were considered important assets because they produced milk
mgt. that could be sold and women could move with them
• groups had on average, 3.4 cows (range 1 – 7)
• Women can buy or own cattle, poultry & gold more easily comparing
other valued asset
• Most women can manage milk sales income
• 12.4% Women have individual cow ownership
• Women who owns cattle can take decision on expenditure more
easily.
Dairy • Work load increased for both women and men. For women, the time
Management worked increased between 15 and 60 minutes each day
and gender
roles
• Men are helping more because they appreciate the benefits of
adopting new dairy technologies
• Children do not gets proper care when mother is busy with HH
activities

21. GAAP Qult Results – FGD findings
Focused Area Key Findings
Access to input, • Women have easy access to capacity, savings , input and
capacity & Mkt. output market due to project interventions
• women can access credit more easily than men.
• The person who sold the milk managed the milk income
• The quantity of milk sold determined who managed the
income with men managing it if much milk was sold
Normative • Women can't buy individual assets
attitude and
women barriers
• inherits the lowest quality land and gets the lowest share
Project impact • Significant changes are seen in changing intangible assets,
• -an increase in women’s various capacities
• the ability to save money in groups
• milk production and income from milk sales increased
• more recognition of female beneficiaries in the community
• 25% participants reported increase in number of cows
• Women’s opinion are getting more preference in dairying

22. Preliminary Conclusions
Four Major Women Barriers
Control over
Workload asset, incom
e mgt.
Institutions,
Mobility
ideology

23. Preliminary Conclusions
• A gender assets gap does exist within SDVC households:
According to joint decision making the gap is narrowing;
according to women’s autonomy in decision making it seems to
be widening.
• As a result of the SDVC program intervention, women increase
their asset holdings, but men remain the controllers of these
assets. Historically, the women’s asset ownership rights are not
protected
• As women are becoming more involved in the SDVC program
they are gaining more assets, but they are also working harder
and longer hours
• Milk consumption patterns are reflective of a wide gender
assets gap and needs to be a focus of education and monitoring

24. Next Steps
• Collect data longitudinally by individual not by
group. This will make much more powerful
analysis possible.
• Continue to focus on offering support to women
in the entire system – the milk collectors and the livestock
health workers as well as the women farmers.
• Look into ways to address the major women barriers
• Look into ways of addressing the social norms and
practical consequences around mobility issues