Cowpea Production Constraints,Breeding Goal,Achievements from Core Activities and Projects Activities,Proposed Activities for the next 2 years

1. RECENT PROGRESS IN COWPEA
BREEDING RESEARCH AT IITA
Ousmane Boukar
Cowpea breeder, IITA Kano
www.iita.org

2. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Cowpea Production Constraints
• Breeding Goal
• Achievements from Core Activities
• Achievements from Projects Activities
• Proposed Activities for the next 2 years
• Conclusion
www.iita.org

3. INTRODUCTION
• Cowpea, Vigna
unguiculata, is an
important grain legume:
• -generates a source of
economic livelihood
• - provides nutritional well-
being for millions of farmers
and urban consumers www.iita.org

4. Some Characteristics of Cowpea
• Adapted to poor soil fertility and very little
rainfall
• shade tolerant (intercropping systems)
• ground cover (moisture, weeds, soil
erosion)
• Induce suicidal germination of Striga
hermonthica
• Increase soil fertility (N fixation)
www.iita.org

5. Main utilization of Cowpea
• Young leaves , green pod and fresh grain
as vegetable
• Grain as moi-moi, kosai
and bean cake
• Haulms as fodder for animal
www.iita.org

6. AVERAGE DATA 97-07
TOTAL COWPEA PRODUCTION
3,865,257 t
Nigeria
Niger
7% 3% Burkina Faso
3%
2% Mali 4%
38% Senegal 3%
2% Tanzania
8%
Myanmar
Kenya
RDC
Cameroon 14%
Malawi 59%
41%
Uganda
Others
TOTAL AREA UNDER COWPEA
9,658,243 ha
Source: FAOSTAT
www.iita.org

7. Yield comparison
World Average Best Yield Africa Best Yield
Uganda
Croatia Cameroon
4000 Trinidad 1000 Madagascar
3500 Serbia
900 Malawi
Macedonia
3000 800 Nigeria
Serbia
Yield (kg/ha)
700 South Africa
Yield (kg/ha)
2500 Palestiane
600 Congo
2000 Egypt
500 Burkina Faso
Cyprus
1500 400 Swaziland
Bosnia
1000 USA 300 Kenya
Jamaica 200 Tanzania
500
Uganda 100 Mauritania
0
1 Sri Lanka 0 Mali
1
Countries Cameroon Senegal
Philippines Countries
Niger
1149.44 kg/ha 462.82 kg/ha
Source: FAOSTAT
www.iita.org

8. COWPEA PRODUCTION
CONSTRAINTS
www.iita.org

9. 1.INSECTS
Maruca
Aphid
Thrip
S.M C.F-MT www.iita.org

10. S.M
Bruchid
Pod sucking bug
S.M www.iita.org

11. 2. Diseases
Bacterial diseases
Pustule
Blight
B.O Source: Cowpea Pests and Disease
www.iita.org

12. Viral diseases
CSMV
CGYMV
CAbMV
CYMV
Source: Cowpea Pests and Disease
www.iita.org

13. Fungal diseases
Anthracnose Rust
Smut
Pod rot
Cercospora Leafspot
Source: Cowpea Pests and Disease www.iita.org

14. 3. Parasitic weeds
Alectra
Striga gesnerioides
www.iita.org

15. 4. Nematodes
5. Drought
Source: UCR
UCR
6. Phosphorus www.iita.org

16. BREEDING GOAL
• To develop improved lines with:
– high yield potential,
– tolerance/resistance to both biotic and
abiotic stresses
– grain characteristics preferred by
consumers and producers
www.iita.org

17. • Development of new cowpea lines with
a range of
– maturity (extra-early, early, medium, late)
– plant type (erect, semi-erect, prostrate)
– seed quality (color, texture, size)
– disease/insect resistance
– parasitic weed resistance (Striga, Alectra)
– adaptability (drought, heat, moisture)
www.iita.org

18. CORE BREEDING ACTIVITIES
www.iita.org

19. Germplasm characterization
A systematic evaluation of
the germplasm accessions
for the identification of
useful genes for cowpea
improvement
- Core collection:1976 +99
- Mini core collection: 343 +15
Source: UCR www.iita.org

20. Cowpea collection origin
: + 15 113 accessions.
71% collected in Africa
www.iita.org

21. MAIN OBJECTIVE
• Identify additional sources of
resistance genes
– Introgression of these genes into
existing improved lines
– Creation of populations for the
identification/validation of molecular
markers
www.iita.org

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Blue–UCR
Green – IITA Breeding line
Black – accession or land lace
Genetic diversity map Pink– Senegal
Red– Burkina Faso
www.iita.org

23. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Minimum Maximum
First flower (d) 26 100
50% Flowering (d) 35 119
95% Maturity (d) 57 142
Grain Yield (g/plt) 0 270
Fodder Yield (g/plt) 1.3 850
www.iita.org

24. Number entries for each maturity group
900 836
800
700
600 521 525
500
400
300
200
100 41
0
Extra Early Early Medium Late
www.iita.org

25. Number of disease free accessions
2000 1791
1800
1600
1400 1251 1269
1200
1000
800
600
400
200 82 90
0
Striga Fusarium Smut Bacterial Virus
blight
www.iita.org

26. SEGREGATING POPULATIONS
• Parental germplasm selection
• About 200 crosses and backcrosses
annually
• Management of segregating population
– 323 in 2007
– 226 in 2008
– 477 in 2009
www.iita.org

27. INITIAL EVALUATION TRIAL
• F6-F7 group according to maturity, seed
type
• About 50 lines annually into extra early,
early, medium and late
– 155 lines in 2007
– 320 lines in 2008
– 165 lines in 2009
www.iita.org

28. • Evaluated in single replication in 3
locations
– Samaru in the NGS (1000 mm)
– Minjibir in the SS (700 mm)
– Toumnia in the S (350 mm)
www.iita.org

29. PRELIMINARY VARIETAL TRIALS
• Promising lines from IETs:
– Extra-early, Early, Medium and Late
• 40 lines each
• 3-4 replications in 4 locations: Ibadan in
the transition zone (1500mm)
www.iita.org

30. Number of entries in PVT
2007- 2009
Trials 2007 2008 2009
Early 16 60 25
Medium 36 60 65
Late 36 70 60
Total 88 190 150
www.iita.org

31. ADVANCED VARIETAL TRIAL
• Promising lines from PVT:
– Extra-early, Early, Medium and Late
• 25 lines each
• 3-4 replications in 4 locations: Ibadan,
Samaru, Minjibir and Toumnia
www.iita.org

32. Number of entries in AVT
from 2007-2009
Trials 2007 2008 2009
Extra early 20 25 20
Early 20 25 20
Medium 25 20 20
Late/dual 25 25 25
purpose
Total 90 85 85
www.iita.org

33. Mean Grain Yield of extra early promising
cowpea breeding lines in four locations
Variety Minjibir Samaru Ibadan Toumnia Mean
IT06K-135 1761 1782 735 1938 1554.0
IT07K-187-72 1525 1718 1476 1266 1496.3
IT07K-188-49 1429 1426 1110 1732 1424.3
IT06K-134 1680 1327 999 1516 1380.5
IT06K-157-1 1858 1334 780 1364 1334.0
IT96D-610 1203 1572 796 1749 1330.0
IT07K-303-1 1607 829 1044 1766 1311.5
Achishiru 941 1083 549 543 779.0
Mean 1263 1096.0 808.0 1229.0
SED 327.700 404.200 159.500 293.600
www.iita.org

34. Performance of extra early promising breeding
lines evaluated at Toumnia, 2008
Variety Grain Fodder D95%PM Virus B.Bli Smut Striga Maruca
IT06K-135 1938 2505 69 2 2 2 21 1
IT07K-187-72 1266 3674 77 2 1 1 13 1
IT07K-188-49 1732 2561 67 2 2 2 12 2
IT06K-134 1516 3062 67 2 2 2 7 2
IT06K-157-1 1364 2672 63 2 2 1 11 2
IT96D-610 1749 2505 69 2 2 4 13 2
IT07K-303-1 1766 3117 74 2 2 2 26 1
Achishiru 543 1392 63 2 2 2 13 1
Mean 1229.0 2768.0 70.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 11.6 1.4
SED 293.6 723.0 4.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 7.7 0.5
www.iita.org

35. Performance of extra early promising lines
evaluated at Samaru 2008
Variety Grain D95%PM Virus B.Bli B.blo Sept Lscab Pscab Lrust stemrot Thr.
IT06K-135 1782 68 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 2
IT07K-187-72 1718 68 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 2
IT07K-188-49 1426 69 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3
IT06K-134 1327 68 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3
IT06K-157-1 1334 65 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 2
IT96D-610 1572 66 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 12
IT07K-303-1 829 71 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 3
Achishiru 1083 60 1 2 2 2 1 4 1 2 3
Mean 1096.0 67.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.9 1.3 1.2 3.0
SED 404.2 1.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 2.8
www.iita.org

36. Mean Grain Yield of early promising cowpea
breeding lines at four locations 2008
Variety Minjibir Samaru Ibadan Toumnia Mean
IT07K-303-6 1432 1811 1115 1493 1463
IT06K-118-1 1768 1446 754 1487 1364
IT04K-332-1 1741 1034 618 2033 1357
IT04K-333-2 1533 1264 848 1730 1344
IT06K-124 1379 1555 875 1554 1341
IT06K-136 1744 1177 755 1672 1337
IT98K-573-1-1 1486 1338 843 1642 1327
Aloka Local 723 1180 805 1952 1165
Mean 1336.0 1198.0 748.0 1451.0
SED 281.3 357.0 178.1 324.3
www.iita.org

37. Grain yield of medium maturing cowpea breeding
Lines evaluated at four locations 2008
Variety Minjibir Samaru Ibadan Toumnia Mean
IT06K-149-1 2210 1555 856 1727 1587
IT07K-292-66 2002 1305 1401 1628 1584
IT03K-378-4 1736 873 1314 2010 1483
IT90K-277-2 1923 1061 1043 1792 1455
IT06K-273 1897 639 1297 1729 1391
IT06K-147-2 1820 771 1039 1903 1383
IT04K-221-1 2282 701 791 1542 1329
IT06K-128 1831 743 849 1810 1308
Danila 766 571 947 1204 872
Mean 1564.0 896.0 946.0 1592.0 1249.5
SED 291.3 199.4 161.5 223.6
www.iita.org

38. Grain Yield of promising late maturing
Cowpea breeding lines at 4 locations in 2008
Variety Minjibir Samaru Ibadan Toumnia Mean
IT06K-139 2313 1203 852 1589 1489
IT98K-409-4 1859 1653 733 1667 1478
IT06K-116 1582 1135 1028 2064 1452
IT06K-111-1 1971 938 928 1610 1362
IT06K-264-2 1353 1135 1017 1873 1345
IT04K-321-2 1587 857 836 1965 1311
IT07K-297-15 1759 1081 685 1682 1302
IT06K-111 1463 1159 799 1650 1268
Kanannado 0 1013 737 0 438
Mean 1338.0 1024.0 874.0 1355.0 1147.8
SED 465.7 212 205.4 338.9
www.iita.org

39. Performance of promising late maturing
Breeding lines at Toumnia 2008
Variety Grain Fod D50%Fl Viru B.Bli Strig
IT06K-139 1589 2923 49 2 3 33
IT98K-409-4 1667 2227 45 2 2 2
IT06K-116 2064 3674 45 2 3 18
IT06K-111-1 1610 2394 43 2 2 10
IT06K-264-2 1873 3451 45 2 3 7
IT04K-321-2 1965 3451 54 2 3 1
IT07K-297-15 1682 2060 39 3 3 0
IT06K-111 1650 1865 41 2 3 6
Kanannado 0 3340 51 2 4 48
Mean 1355.0 2990.0 51.3 1.8 2.3 31.0
SED 338.9 1147 2.672 0.64 0.75 17.3
www.iita.org

40. Performance of promising late maturing
Breeding lines at Samaru 2008
Variety Grain Fodder B.Bli Sept Lscab Pscab Lrust Alec Mar
IT06K-139 1203 696 1 3 1 2 1 0 2
IT98K-409-4 1653 1058 3 1 1 1 1 0 2
IT06K-116 1135 529 1 3 5 4 1 0 2
IT06K-111-1 938 362 2 4 5 4 1 4 3
IT06K-264-2 1135 501 1 5 2 2 1 0 2
IT04K-321-2 857 501 3 1 4 3 1 0 2
07K-297-15 1081 557 4 1 5 4 3 0 3
IT06K-111 1159 557 1 3 5 4 1 1 3
Kanannado 1013 223 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
Mean 1024.0 443.0 1.5 3.5 3.1 2.6 1.4 0.4 2.4
SED 212 204.7 0.47 0.26 0.698 0.52 0.63 0.81 0.65
www.iita.org

41. Performance of promising late maturing
Breeding lines at Minjibir 2008
Variety Grain Fodde D50%F D95%PM Viru Bbli Smu Stri Mar
IT06K-139 2313 5316 51 83 2 1 4 4 5
IT98K-409-4 1859 4648 48 82 2 1 2 0 4
IT06K-116 1582 5622 44 80 2 1 4 1 4
IT06K-111-1 1971 5260 39 74 2 1 4 1 3
IT06K-264-2 1353 6903 46 80 2 1 4 1 4
IT04K-321-2 1587 5901 57 86 2 1 5 0 4
07K-297-15 1759 1559 39 66 2 2 4 0 2
IT06K-111 1463 5845 41 74 2 1 3 0 3
Kanannado 0 5344 53 85 3 1 4 0 5
Mean 1338 5534.0 52.7 84.9 1.9 1.1 3.6 1.6 4.3
SED 465.7 816 1.658 1.436 0.41 0.3 0.45 1.41 0.43
www.iita.org

42. Performance of promising late maturing
Breeding lines at Ibadan 2008
Variety Grain Fodder D50%Fl Bbli Cercos
IT06K-139 852 1169 45 1 1
IT98K-409-4 733 1169 50 1 1
IT06K-116 1028 1002 48 3 1
IT06K-111-1 928 1086 45 2 1
IT06K-264-2 1017 1169 45 2 3
IT04K-321-2 836 919 45 2 2
07K-297-15 685 1002 42 1 5
IT06K-111 799 1086 46 2 1
Kanannado 737 1754 51 1 1
Mean 874.0 1286.0 46.5 1.5 1.5
SED 205.4 278 1.41 0.673 0.3808
www.iita.org

43. COWPEA INTERNATIONAL TRIALS
• Promising lines from AVT:
– Extra-early, Early, Medium and Late
• 15-20 lines each
• Sets distributed to collaborators (NARS
and ARI)
www.iita.org

44. Number of entries in CIT
from 2007-2009
Trials 2007 2008 2009
CIT 1 15 15 15
CIT 2 15 15 20
CIT 3 12 10 20
CIT 4 12 10
CIT 5 10 10
Total 64 60 55
www.iita.org

45. COWPEA BREEDING PROJECTS
www.iita.org

46. TROPICAL LEGUME II
• Objective 3:
Enhancing cowpea productivity and production
in drought prone areas in Sub-Saharan Africa
www.iita.org

47. Activity 3.1: Test existing cowpea
lines for their drought tolerance
• Milestone 3.1.1
Fifty elite cowpea lines with resistance to aphids, flower
thrips, and some Striga strains are evaluated for
adaptation to drought.
• Two sub-activities were conducted
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48. Best performing drought tolerant lines
1st planting date 2nd planting date
Variety Grain Yield Variety Grain Yield
IT98K-491-4 1485 IT98K-491-4 953
IT98K-412-13 1213 IT98K-412-13 609
IT99K-216-24-2 1151 IT99K-1122 609
IT99K-1122 1130 IT99K-7-21-2-2 603
IT98K-311-8-2 997 IT99K-216-24-2 597
IT99K-7-21-2-2 966 IT98K-628 586
IT97K-1069-6 961 IT96D-610 471
IT96D-610 929 IT97K-1069-6 449
IT00K-1263 922 IT00K-1263 426
Mean 935 IT97K-390-2 417
SED 2.92 Mean 472
SED 87.5
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49. High fodder yielding lines under drought
Fodder
Yield • Farmers in drought
Variety (kg/ha) prone areas
IT98K-412-13 1058 interested with dual
IT99K-573-2-1 946 purpose cowpea, i.e.:
IT99K-573-1-1 891
IT98K-1092-2 835 •IT98K-491-4
IT04K-405-5 835
IT98K-491-4 752 •IT98K-412-13
IT99K-1122 752
IT98K-1092-1 752
Mean 564
SED 144.9 www.iita.org

50. • No significant differences for bacterial blight and
virus incidence and severity under terminal
drought conditions.
• For the 1st planting date, significant difference
for virus incidence and severity but not for
bacterial blight. However, no line with high
susceptibility identified.
• For both dates, only the following lines did not
show striga emergence: IT99K-573-1-1, IT99K-
1122, IT99K-494-6, IT04-227-4, IT00K-1207,
IT97K-819-118 and IT99K-529-2.
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51. FPVS sub-activity
Locations Gender
Date LGA Village Male Female Total
30/10/08 Tofa Tofa 28 0 28
29/10/08 Gezawa Gezawa 40 0 40
28/10/08 Bichi Badume 16 18 34
31/10/08 Minjibir Minjibir/Wasai 27 15 42
111 33 144
• Farmers were requested to select 3 lines in each replication
• Lines selected and reason for selecting these lines were
recorded
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52. RESULTS
• All the 16 lines were selected at least once in each
replication except IT97K-819-118 which was not
selected in Rep 2.
• The high grain yielding lines IT98K-491-4 (1485 kg/ha),
IT98K-412-13 (1213 kg/ha) and IT99K-216-24-2 (1151
kg/ha) were selected by 118 (82 %), 132 (92%) and
131(91%) farmers respectively
• The lines IT98K-166-4 (443kg/ha) and IT97K-819-118
(443 kg/ha) with the lowest grain yield had the smallest
number of selection 16 (11%) and 20 (14%).
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53. Farmers % Farmers selecting in
Variety # % 3 rep 2rep 1 rep YIELD
IT99K-216-24-2 131 91 25.7 37.5 27.8 1151
IT98K-412-13 132 91.7 25.7 34 31.9 1213
IT99K-7-21-2-2 128 88.9 17.4 31.3 40.3 966
IT98K-491-4 118 81.9 11.1 38.9 31.9 1485
IT98K-128-3 110 76.4 16.7 27.8 31.9 870
IT89KD-288 102 70.8 11.8 25.7 33.3 756
IT99K-529-2 92 63.9 11.8 29.9 22.2 713
IT00K-1263 68 47.2 4.17 10.4 32.6 922
IT98K-628 74 51.4 2.08 9.03 40.3 803
IT98K-166-4 16 11.1 0 1.39 9.72 702
IT98K-311-8-2 63 43.8 2.78 11.1 29.9 997
IT97K-390-2 58 40.3 2.08 14.6 23.6 804
IT96D-610 55 38.2 4.17 11.8 22.2 929
IT97K-1069-6 58 40.3 1.39 10.4 28.5 961
IT99K-1122 54 37.5 2.08 9.03 26.4 1130
IT97K-819-118 20 13.9 0.69 0.69 12.5 558
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54. First Reason to select a variety
CHARACTERISTICS Number of farmers Percentage
Grain yield 76 52%
Color +other physical 10 8%
Fodder yield 9 6%
Taste 7 5%
Dual purpose 4 3%
Early 4 3%
Tolerance to drought 3 2%
Striga+other pest 3 2%
Other 28 19%
Total 144 100%
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55. FUTURE BREEDING ACTIVITIES
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56. PROPOSED BREEDING PROGRAM
FOR THE NEXT 2 TO 3 YEARS
• Target traits
– Insect resistance:
• Aphid (Aphis craccivora)
• Flower bud thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti)
– Disease resistance:
• Virus
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57. – Parasitic weeds
• Striga resistance
• Alectra resistance
– Drought tolerance
• TL II
• TL I (phase 2?)
– Specific breeding
• Breeding for intercropping
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58. OUTLINE OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
• Germplasm Characterization
• Identification and Validation of sources of
resistance
• Crossing Nursery and generation
advancement
• Multi location variety trials
• Seed multiplication
• Cowpea international trials.
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59. CONCLUSION
• Cowpea has numerous biotic and abiotic
production constraints
• Some progress has been achieved
• Future program will focus on identified target
traits
• Program approach designed to contribute to
IITA’s mission
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60. Acknowledgement
• IITA Management • Mr. E. Makeri and
CBU staff
• Dr. D. Chikoye
• Dr. C. Fatokun • Mr. R. Adeleke and
staff
• Colleagues from
Kano • Colleagues from
NARS and ARI
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61. www.iita.org