Presented by Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a meeting at the Finnish embassy, Nairobi, Kenya, 24 November 2014.

1. Johanna Lindahl Delia Grace
Finnish embassy meeting
Nairobi
November 24 2014
What is CGIAR doing on aflatoxins- and what are
aflatoxins doing in the milk?

2. Today’s discussion
What is CGIAR doing on aflatoxin?
Why is ILRI involved?

3. Aflatoxins are a global issue

4. CGIAR are global institutes
International
Center for Tropical
Agriculture (CIAT)
International
Crops Research
Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT)
International
Institute of Tropical
Agriculture (IITA)
International
Livestock Research
Institute (ILRI)
International
Maize and Wheat
Improvement
Center (CIMMYT)
International Food
Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI)

5. What do we want to prevent?
1. Negative health effects in humans
2. Negative health effects in animals affecting livestock
production (nutrition & poverty reduction)
3. Negative economic impacts
4. Negative publicity
5. Negative health effects in
animals (animal welfare)

6. Aflatoxins are a political issue

8. Aflatoxins are a major issue
• Economic impact
• Production losses
• Regulation costs
• Health costs (hard to know)
• Health impact
• Acute poisoning
• Cancer
• Immunosuppression
• Stunting?

9. Why is it so scary?
• Invisible toxin
• Odourless
• Heat-stable
• And we are feeding it to our children
Clean maize or fungus-free maize cobs. Photo by IITA.

10. But how big is the problem really for you
and me?
• Exposure of aflatoxin
• Levels of aflatoxin
• Consumption of contaminated products
• ILRI is working on risk assessment with FoodAfrica
• Who are the consumers?
• Children
• Pregnant and nursing mothers
• The first 1000 days.
• Where is the problems?
• Risk mapping (FoodAfrica)

11. Farmer Consumer
Economic
flow
Aflatoxin
flow
Human
exposure
Feed
producer
AB1
AB1
AB1-> AM1
AM1
Corn/feed
produced
at farm
Corn/feed
purchased
Milk produced
at farm
AB1 AM1
Treatments
Feed
seller Farmer
Veterinary services
Milk
retailer
Agricultural services
Consumer

12. What promotes the fungal growth?
• Pre-harvest: damage by insects, draughts
• Insects cause damage and are mechanical vectors
• Post-harvest: Poor storage conditions
Improper drying of grains - Different grains being dried on roadside with rains looming
in the horizon. Photo by IITA

13. How is CGIAR approaching this?
1. Bridging the knowledge gap
2. Diagnostics
3. Pre-harvest interventions
4. Post-harvest interventions
5. Handling aflatoxin contaminated products
6. Policies and standards

14. Pre-harvest
Prevent fungal growth pre-harvest: Insects and
drought predisposes
1. Breeding for resistance
 Drought-tolerant, or insect-resistant maize
2. Good agricultural practices
 Fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation
3. Biological control using atoxigenic strains
 Aflasafe, Afla-guard

15. Post harvest
Poor storage conditions pre-disposing
1. Good agricultural practices
 Pest control
2. Improved drying technologies (FoodAfrica)
Improper drying of grains - Different grains being dried on roadside with rains looming
in the horizon. Photo by IITA

16. Preventing consumption
1. Sorting
2. Legislation
 Limits for human and animal consumption
3. Treatment (detoxification)
 Ammoniation
 Ozone treatment
 Nixtamilization
 Fermentation
 Binders

17. Problems moping up:
What to do with contaminated crops?
• Feed to chicken
• Feed to other animals
• Discard in pit, manure
• Mix with good crop and mill
• Wash, dry, re-cook

18. Mitigating effects in the consumer
Hepatitis B vaccination – Good effect!

19. Public awareness and dietary
considerations
Dietary diversification, switching from high-risk crop
Consumption pattern
Consumer awareness

20. Standards and policies
Ref: Wu. VOL. 38, NO. 15, 2004 / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
FDA limits
National limits
X now 10 ppt

21. Highly susceptible: oral LD50 (<1 mg per kg body weight)
Rabbits, ducks, cats, swine, rainbow trout
Moderately susceptible: oral LD50 (1-2 mg per kg body weight)
Dogs, horses, calves, turkeys, guinea pigs, sheep, baboon
Relatively resistant: oral LD50 (5-10 mg kg body weight)
Chickens, rats, macaque monkeys, mouse, hamsters
One teaspoon of aflatoxin is enough to kill 2,500 rabbits

22. The role of livestock
• Livestock are affected by aflatoxins
• Humans are dependent on livestock
• Livestock can consume crop unsuitable for
humans
• Aflatoxins are metabolized and present in
animal-source foods

23. Dairy products and levels of aflatoxin
0
200400600800
1,000ppt
Lala PasteurizedMilk BoiledMilk PasteurizedMilk Raw Milk UHTYoghurt Pasteurized
Lala Boiled milk Fresh milk Raw milk UHT milk Yoghurt

24. Variation over a year- purchase date.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Lala - Pasteurized
Milk - Boiled
Milk - Pasteurized
Milk - Raw
Milk - UHT
Yoghurt - Pasteurized
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

25. Projects on milk and livestock
• Consumption patterns and risk assessment
• Economic assessment
• Association with stunting
• Reduced growth in chickens and efficacy of
binders

26. The risks with doing doing good

27. The consequences of regulations
• The good crop goes to the formal market
• The worst crops remain at the informal market
• The best products are exported
• The bad products are left to the national markets
Photo by IITA.

28. The risks with uncertainty
Do no harm!
Interventions can not be allowed to increase risks of
other hazards.
Mycotoxin Main fungi Impact on animal health
Aflatoxins Aspergillus spp All livestock susceptible to different degrees.
Acute toxicity, hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.
Carcinogenic and mutagenic.
Growth impairment. Immunosuppression.
Ochratoxin A Aspergillus spp,
Penicillum spp
Nephrotoxic
Immunosuppression
Possibly carcinogenic
Fumonisins Fusarium spp Toxic to liver and central nervous system
Possibly carcinogenic
Zearalenone Fusarium spp Swine highly sensitive, cattle less sensitive.
Endocrine disruption. Estrogenic effects,
reduced reproduction, feminisation,
malformations.
Trichotecenes Fusarium spp Gastrointestinal disturbance. Reduced feed
intake. Ill-thrift. Immunosuppression.
We don’t know
how they interact!

29. Conclusions- importance of milk
Milk have generally low levels of aflatoxins compared
to other commodities.
Aflatoxin M1 has unknown toxic effects on children
We need to use evidence
We must not forget the other hazards and mycotoxins
We need to cooperate

30. Conclusions
There is no silver bullet to eradicate aflatoxins
-A battery of interventions to provide safer food in a
world full of food safety hazards!

31. The ILRI work is financed by
Ministry of foreign affairs, Finland, and the CGIAR
Research Program on
Agriculture for nutrition and health (CRP 4)
It is implemented in a partnership with
International food policy research institute (IFPRI), MTT
Finland, Biosciences in eastern and central Africa (BecA)
Acknowledgements

32. The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
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