Samuel Thevasagayam from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation discussed improving collaboration between research and the private sector to accelerate livestock innovation. He provided two examples - one that worked well and one that has not worked as well yet. The successful example was the African Poultry Multiplication Initiative which aligned incentives across stakeholders, brought in the best partners, and delivered sustainable value. However, the adoption of a solution for controlling porcine cysticercosis at scale has not worked as well, potentially due to not fully anticipating market realities around who pays and gains or starting without the end in mind to line up critical stakeholders. His advice is to be clear about development vs humanitarian efforts, ensure the critical partner is driving outcomes