Poster by Pham Thi Ngoc, Pham Thi Nga, Dinh Xuan Tung , Gilbert J, Lapar ML, Unger F, Nguyen Viet Hung, Pham Duc Phuc and Nguyen Viet Khong presented at the Ecohealth 2012 conference held at Kunming, China on 15-18 October 2012.

1. EcoZD
Hygienic practices and microbial contamination of small-scale
Ecosystem Approaches to the Better Management
poultry slaughterhouses at peri-urban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases
in the Southeast Asia Region
Pham Thi Ngoc1, Pham Thi Nga1, Dinh Xuan Tung2 , Jeffrey Gilbert3, Ma Lucila Lapar3, Fred Unger3, Nguyen Viet Hung4, Pham Duc Phuc4, and Nguyen Viet Khong1
1: National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
2: National Institute of Animal Husbandry, Hanoi, Vietnam
3: International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam and Vientiane, Lao PDR
4: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi School of Public Health, Vietnam
Overview
• In the rural area of Vietnam, poultry slaughterhouses (said poultry slaughter point, ShP) have developed
spontaneously and currently are common at small scale levels. The investment, equipment and facilities were
reported unique, with hygienic conditions variable. Poor hygiene conditions could be one cause for food
contamination, leading to a weak link in food chain production, and usually bearing high risk of food-borne zoonoses.
• In this study, we assesses the hygiene condition of ShP in rural areas of a province, using Salmonella as bacterial
indicator to identify the relevant different key factors and their impacts on food contamination, as well as the potential
risk of pathogen sources spreading through environmental interacting interfaces.
Objective
• To assess the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in small scale poultry slaughter houses
• To assess risk factors relative to hygiene conditions and practices at slaughter houses, leading to Salmonella
contamination in poultry carcasses
Implemented Activities
Study site: Three peri-urban districts in Ha Noi Sample collection
Number of samples Total
Number of Distance to Sample source
Gathering Slaughtering
No District /ShP/time samples
Bacteria isolation
selected ShP City (km) Carcass 10 360
Cloacal swab 10 360
1 Thuong Tin 20 18 Holding pen 1 36
Sampling
Floor 1 36
Biochemical Tests Serotyping Antimicrobial Tests 2 Dong Anh 8 15
Utensils 1 36
3 Gia Lam 8 10 Waste water 1 36
Supply Water 1 36
Data analysis: Salmonella spp. isolation: ISO 6579: 2002 Total 36
Serotyping: Kauffmann White Scheme (antigenic table) Total 25 900
AntimicrobialTest: Kirby-Bauer technique (CLSI standards)
Results
The hygienic profile of study points Prevalence of Salmonella contamination at poultry ShP Distribution of SH-contamination Salmonella Serovars
Untypable Agona
Incidence (%) Typhimurium 5%
Hygiene No Type of samples Spl N % Positive 5%
Individual Wet market 11% Albany
ranks
ShP (n=20) SH (n=16) Shalkwijk 36%
1 Carcass Ind 360 40.6 6%
Good 0% 0% 2 Cloacal swab Ind 360 29.2
Fair 10% 0% 3 Holding pen Pool 36 30.6
4 Floor Pool 36 63.9
Schwarzengrun
Poor 90% 100% 5 Utensils Pool 36 22.2 14%
6 Waste water Cum 36 80.6 Derby
(N=36, the ranks were evaluated based on the Circular No 61/2010/TT- Hadar Enteritidis
BNNPTNT- on Veterinary Hygienic Conditions for poultry SH) 7 Supply Water Cum 36 2.9 5% 6% 12%
Salmonella isolates (N = 120: 80 from poultry carcass and 40 from cloacal swabs)
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates Potential risk factors for Salmonella contamination in poultry carcass
100% Sensitive
Carcass (Sal.contamination) Odds Ratio 95% CI P-value
80% Resistant
Cloacal swab (Sal.contamination) 0.64 0.39 - 1.06 0.081
60% Intermediate
40% Water source (Sal.contamination) 6.84 1.59 - 29.5 0.01
20% Waste water (Sal.contamination) 1.25 0.72 - 2.17 0.423
0% Water source used (tap vs. Other) 0.80 0.47 - 1.36 0.407
Salmonella isolates
(N = 90: 60 from
ShP vs. Wet market SH 0.74 0.48 - 1.14 0.167
carcass and 30 from
cloacal swabs) ShP investment loan (Yes vs. No) 1.63 0.60 - 4.42 0.334
Conclusion Recommendation
1. The study showed an overall high prevalence of Salmonella contamination of 1. Improvement of hygienic conditions at small scale ShP should be made aware to
carcasses in the poor hygienic conditions of the small-scale ShP (40.6%). Serotyping owners and performances, in which water supply and and waste treatment should be
revealed the presence of S.enteritidis and S.typhimurium, which were potentially food key factors among multiple driving elements.
poisioning microorganism, and presumably contaminated from poultry flora due to
slaughtering performance. 2. Futher analyses in identifying the link of socio-economic factors will identify the socio-
2. Water source and waste appeared to be the most impotant factors correlating to the economic pathways of food contamination, providing basis for future improvement of
Salmonella contamination. The Salmonella isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance ShP hygiene condition in small scale ShP in Vietnam to reduce the risk of food safety
to common antimicrobials at high frequency. issues and potential transmission of zoonoses.
This poster is briefly revealed relevant information in progress of ILRI supported project, Correspondent: Assistant Prof. Dr. Vk
Nguyen, project Coordinator. Email Nguyenvietkhong@yahoo.com