Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin at the IPMS Steering Committee Meeting, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 17 April 2012.

1. Market Oriented
Developmental Changes in the
IPMS PLWs
Berhanu Gebremedhin
IPMS Steering Committee Meeting
ILRI, Addis Ababa, 17 April 2012

2. The Key Message
Small-holder based market oriented agricultural
development can be successfully achieved if
participatory value chain development approach
supported by innovation systems perspective is used.

3. Data
 Nineteen “impact type” indicators were developed based on the
project’s Performance Measurement Framework (PMF).
 PA level survey conducted in all PAs of the ten PLWs and on all crop
and livestock commodities on which IPMS made interventions.
 Pertain to the production year of 2009/10.
 Five-year time series data (2005/06 – 2009/10) were collected on the
number of households producing, area covered, total production,
prices and household market participation.
 Secondary sources were also used to complement and/or verify the
data collected from group interview.
 Baseline data, diagnostic studies, and several specific case studies
conducted by IPMS staff, students and partners, including gender
analysis, were also used.

4. Analysis
 Descriptive analysis of the data.
 Growth rates computed (number of households producing the market
oriented commodities, area under these commodities, total production,
and real revenue obtained from the sale of the produce).
 Comparisons of yield levels (for 2005/06 to 2009/10).
 Qualitative analysis:
 for farmer perceptions of the changes in farmer attitudes towards
HIV/AIDS,
 expert opinions on the level of adoption of the IPMS approach within
and beyond the PLWs.

5. Teff
 IPMS sites: Ada’a and Alaba Yield (qt/ha)
 Promoting improved varieties of
Kuncho (DZ Cr-387), DZ-196,
and DZ Cr-37 Local Improved
 Farmer-based seed system varieties varieties
established for Kuncho
Ada’a 11 19 -21
 All market oriented development
indicators consistent and indicated
significant change Alaba 5 13-17
 Ada’a: Improved teff production
replaced wheat and local teff
Proportion 84
 Alaba: improved teff production of produce
replaced local teff sold (%)
 Introduction of minimum tillage in
Metema triggered teff production; Proportion >95%
yield of local varieties, 6qt/ha of
households
selling (%)

6. Teff
18000 250000
2005/06 2009/10 %
16000
Total production (qt./year)
200000
14000
Number of 1, 209 16, 249 1, 244
12000
150000
households
10000
producing
8000
100000 Number of 134 1, 543 1, 051
6000
female-
4000
50000 headed
2000 households
0 0 Total area 669 12, 833 1, 818
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
No. of male headed households
covered
No. of female headed households (ha)
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
Total production (qt.) Real 7.34 156 2, 027
revenue
(million Birr)

7. Wheat
 IPMS sites: Ada’a, Alaba and
Bure Yield (qt/ha)
local improved
 Market oriented developmental
Ada’a 16 35
changes consistent but less
dramatic than that of teff Alaba 9 26-30
Bure 19 36-40
 Slight decrease in market
orientation in wheat in Proportion sold Overall : 61
(%) Ada’a: 47
Ada’a, but significant increase Alaba: 70
in Alaba and Bure Bure: 60
Proportion of 96
households
selling (%)

8. Wheat
30000 800000 2005/06 2009/1 %
0
Total production (qt./year)
700000
25000
600000
20000
Number of 12, 644 25, 378 100
500000 households
15000 400000 producing
300000 Number of 1, 180 2, 830 140
10000
200000
female-
5000
headed
100000
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
Total area 15, 090 18, 723 24
No. of male headed households covered
No. of female headed households
No. of total households
(ha)
Total area covered (ha)
Total production (qt.) Real 149.2 182.3 22
revenue
(million Birr)

9. Rice
 IPMS sites: Fogera and Metema
 Fogera:
 Most popular paddy rice in Fogera: X-jigna
 Paddy rice triggered interest in growing upland rice by highlanders
 IPMS and partners conducted trials on NERICA-3, NERICA-4, SUPERICA-1
and PAWE-1.
 NERICA-4 became prefeArred highland variety
 X-jigna is also grown in the highlands, 6000 ha in 2010/11 (from nothing in
2004/05); whereas NERICA-3 covered just over 50 ha.
 Farmer-based seed multiplication introduced
 Average yield of 44qt/ha (cf. 39qt/ha in 2004/05).
 IPMS and partners introduced parboiling technology to hotels and
restaurants in Woreta and Bahir Dar.
 In Metema, number of rice farmers reached 207 in 2009/10 (cf. nothing in
2004/05).

10. Chickpea
 IPMS site: Ada’a
 Improved chickpea varieties of Ararti, Chefe, Habru and Teji were
promoted
 All indicators show consistent development in market oriented
improved chickpea production
 Yield: improved varieties, 29 - 32qt/ha; local variety, 15qt/ha.
 88% of produce was sold by 95% of producers

11. Chickpea
3500 90000 2005/06 2009/10 %
80000
Total production (qt./year)
3000
70000
2500
60000 Number of 700 2, 992 327
2000 50000
households
producing
1500 40000
30000 Number of 33 279 745
1000
20000
female-
500
10000
headed
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total area 392 2, 610 566
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
covered
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
(ha)
Total production (qt.)
Real 7.4 53.8 631
revenue
(million Birr)

12. Haricot bean
 IPMS sites: Alaba, Dale and Mieso
 Improved varieties of Awash I, Dimtu, Awash Melka and Mexican
 Farmer-based seed supply system was also promoted
 All indicators show significant development
 Decline in yield was observed, more pronounced in Dale.
 Total production grew at a lower rate than total number of
households producing or area covered, reinforcing the result that
yield declined.
 About 61% of produce was sold by 88% of producers during
2009/10, but the proportion of households who sold produce
dropped sharply to 54% in 2009/10, perhaps because of the drought
 Yield levels in 2005/06 were 8 qt/ha in Dale, and 6qt/ha in
Alaba, which were higher than yield levels of 2009/10.

13. Haricot bean
35000 80000 2005/06 2009/10 %
70000
Total production (qt./year)
30000
60000
25000
Number of 13, 239 32, 855 148
50000
20000 households
40000 producing
15000
30000
Number of 1, 862 4, 825 159
10000
20000 female-
5000 10000
headed
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total area 4, 148 11, 832 185
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
covered
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
(ha)
Total production (qt.)
Real 10.74 21.9 104
revenue
(million Birr)

14. Lentils
 IPMS sites: Ada’a and Atsbi
 Was not in the initial list of market oriented commodities in Ada’a, but
was triggered by the expansion of Alemaya variety in neighboring
woredas, and IPMS and partners responded by capacitating extension
agents and farmers in agronomic practices, variety demonstration, and
capacity building on lentil processing to Yerer farmer Cooperative
Union.
 Development was much more dramatic in Ada’a than in Atsbi.
 About 86% of produce was sold by more than 90% of producers in
2009/10.
 Nearly all producers in Ada’a and more than 80% in Atsbi sold their
produce

15. Lentils
5000 1000 2005/06 2009/10 %
4500 900
Total production (qt./year)
4000 800
3500 700 Number of 927 4, 744 411
3000 600 households
2500 500 producing
2000 400
Number of 134 492 267
1500 300
female-
1000 200
headed
500 100
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total area 517 3, 433 566
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
covered
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
(ha)
Total production (qt.)
Real 9.7 73.4 657
revenue
(million Birr)

16. Banana
 IPMS sites: Alamata, Metema, Bure, Ada’a and Mieso
 IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of William
I, Poyo, Dwarf and Giant Cavendish
 Heavy emphasis was given to the establishment of farmer-based
sucker supply
 Interventions also included supply of initial planting
material, capacity building in sucker and tree
management, harvesting and ripening techniques.
 Only one harvest per year was reported
 About 63% of banana produce was sold
 Development of banana production was much more dramatic in
Metema which started with 7 farmers in 2005/06, but grew to a
business of 596 farmers by 2009/10, growing about 68460 trees.

17. Banana
1000 2005/06 2009/1 %
900 0
800
700 Number of 16 924 5,
600 households 675
500 producing
400
Number of 0 165 --
300
female-
200
headed
100
households
0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total na 71, 601 --
No. of male headed households number of
No. of female headed households trees
No. of total households
Real na 5.8 --
revenue
(million Birr)

18. Banana
60000 1000000
900000
50000
800000
No. of producing fruit trees
700000
Total production (qt/year)
40000
600000
30000 500000
400000
20000
300000
200000
10000
100000
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
No. of producing fruit trees Total production (qt.)

19. Papaya
 IPMS sites: Bure, Ada’a, Alamata, Metema, and Mieso
 Unlike other fruits, papaya was already in the farming systems when
IPMS started
 IPMS and partners tried to promote especially solo papaya.
 Average harvest of twice per year was reported
 About 60% of produce was sold in 2009/10 by about 89% of
producers

20. Papaya
80000 10000000 2005/06 2009/10 %
9000000
Total production (kg/year)
70000
8000000
60000
7000000 Number of 1, 926 8, 243 328
50000
6000000 households
40000 5000000 producing
4000000
30000
Number of 151 960 536
3000000
20000 female-
2000000
10000
headed
1000000
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total na 87, 307 --
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
number of
No. of total households
No. of producing fruit trees
trees
Total production (qt.)
Real na 10.2 --
revenue
(million Birr)

21. Mango
 IPMS sites: Alamata, Metema, Bure, Ada’a, Dale, Mieso, and Goma.
 Mango production was new in many of the PLWs in 2005/06.
 IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Apple
mango, Kent, Keitt and Tommy Atkins
 Interventions included promoting short-seasoned varieties, (3-4 years
compared with 7-10), supply of initial mother trees and grafting
materials, establishment of farmer-based seedling supply, and others.
 Mango production expanded relatively better in Alamata and
Dale, followed by Metema.
 An average of one harvest per year was reported

22. Mango
1800 14000 2005/06 2009/10 %
1600
Total production (kg/year)
12000
1400
10000
1200 Number of 90 1, 136 1,
1000 8000 households 162
producing
800 6000
600 Number of 21 170 709
4000
400
female-
200
2000 headed
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total na 6, 287 --
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
number of
No. of total households
No. of producing fruit trees
trees
Total production (qt.)
Real na 0.14 --
revenue
(million Birr)

23. Avocado
 IPMS sites: Bure, Ada’a, Mieso, Dale, Goma, and Alamata
 Improved avocado production relatively new in the PLWS
 IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of
Pinkerton, Ettinger, Bacon and Hass.
 Interventions included promoting these short-seasoned varieties (2-4
years), supply of initial mother trees, establishment of farmer-based
seedling system, and capacity building in grafting, and tree
management.

24. Avocado
1200 16000 2005/06 2009/10 %
Total production (kg/year)
14000
1000
12000
800 Number of 0 935 --
10000
households
600 8000 producing
6000
400 Number of 0 167 --
4000 female-
200
2000
headed
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total na 5, 654 --
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
number of
No. of total households
No. of producing fruit trees
trees
Total production (qt.)
Real na 0.078 --
revenue
(million Birr)

25. Farmer-based fruit nursery development
 IPMS promoted farmer-based nurseries for avocado, banana, mango and apple.
 Avocado:
 A total of 17 farmers operated avocado nurseries in Ada’a, Alaba, Bure, Dale, and Goma
PLWs in 2009, of which 4 were female-headed.
 A total of 7251 avocado seedlings were sold in 2009 for a total value of Birr 121, 000.
 Mango:
 A total of 9 households operated mango nurseries in Dale, Alaba and Ada’a, all of which
were male-headed.
 A total of 3948 seedlings were sold in 2009 for a total value of Birr 73483.
 Banana:
 A total of 15 households operated banana nurseries in Bure and Metema, of which 3 are
female-headed.
 A total of 7604 seedlings were sold in 2009 for a total value of Birr 58, 000.
 Apple:
 In Bure, 4 households operated nurseries in 2012 and produced and supplied about 2500
seedlings.
 In Atsbi, 4 households operated apple nurseries in 2012 producing 1425 seedlings.

26. Onion
 IPMS sites: Atsbi, Alamta, Metema, Fogera, Ada’a, and Mieso
 IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Adama red and Bombay
red, capacity building in nursery management and establishing seed systems
 Development indicators show significant development during 2005/06 – 2009/10, with a
sudden decline in 2008/09, followed by revival.
 77% to 93% of onion is produced under irrigation
 About 0.5 ha per household was under onion in 2009/10.
 Onion yield under irrigation increased from 100qt/ha to 307qt/ha in Ada’a and from
118qt/ha to 248qt/ha in Fogera.
 Yield in Atsbi remained constant at 150qt/ha.
 Basiline yied was 72qt/ha (Fogera) or lower (in other PLWs).

27. Fogera farmer-based onion seed system
 Farmer-based seed supply in Fogera:
 Remarkable success was achieved in farmer-based onion seed
supply in Fogera.
 In 2010/11:
 About 146 onion seed producer farmers were reported in
using 34 ha of land (cf. 0.75 ha in 2005/06).
 About 205 qt of onion seed was produced.
 A revenue of more than 8 million Birr was reported.
 Fogera now supplies seed to
Alamata, Kobo, Dembia, Bure, and some woredas in
Oromia.

28. Onion
12000 1400000 2005/06 2009/10 %
1200000
10000
Total production (qt./year)
1000000
8000 Number of 3, 833 5, 387 84
800000 households
6000 producing
600000
4000 Number of 373 687 84
400000
female-
2000
200000 headed
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total area 1, 255 2, 623 109
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
covered
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
(ha)
Total production (qt.)
Real 52.8 198.5 276
revenue
(million Birr)

29. Tomato
 IPMS sites: Atsbi, Alamata, Metema, Fogera and Mieso.
 IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Roma
VF, Sambarsna, Marglobe, Shanti, Melka Salsa, and Melka Shola.
 Interventions include capacity in nursery management, irrigation
agronomy, and post harvest management
 Introduction of staggered planting buffered farmers from price collapse
 88-94% of Tomato production is under irrigation

30. Tomato
6000 350000 2005/06 2009/10 %
300000
5000
Total production (qt./year)
250000
4000 Number of 1, 685 5, 082 202
200000 households
3000 producing
150000
2000 Number of 225 621 176
100000
female-
1000
50000 headed
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total area 321 1, 170 264
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
covered
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
(ha)
Total production (qt.)
Real 19 68.7 263
revenue
(million Birr)

31. Pepper
 IPMS sites: Alamata, Metema, Bure, Alaba, and Mieso.
 IPMS and partners promoted the improved varieties of Mareko
Fana, and some selected local varieties.
 Interventions include weighing scale calibration, improved cultural
practices.
 Pepper production was already popular in 2005/06, but consistent
developments were also registered since then.
 In sharp contrast to onion and tomato, more than 90% of pepper
production was rain fed.

32. Pepper
50000 100000 2005/06 2009/10 %
45000 90000
40000 80000
Total production (qt./year)
35000 70000 Number of 25, 055 45, 935 83
30000 60000 households
25000 50000 producing
20000 40000
Number of 3, 523 6, 122 74
15000 30000
female-
10000 20000
headed
5000 10000
households
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total area 7, 038 11,734 67
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
covered
No. of total households
Total area covered (ha)
(ha)
Total production (qt.)
Real 83.2 192.2 131
revenue
(million Birr)

33. Dairy production
 IPMS Sites: Atsbi, Alamata, Fogera, Bure, and Ada’a
 IPMS and partners promoted Holestein/Fresian cross and Begait
 About 62% of milk produce is sold
 Milk yield increased from 4.48 lt/day/cow to 5.79lt/day/cow.
 No female-headed households were involved in improved dairy in
Bure and Fogera; in Atsbi and Alamata, about 20% of producers
were female-headed
 Note:
 development changes could be much higher if we consider
improvements in local breeds and the butter system.
 changes could also e higher if the urban system is considered

34. Dairy
2500 3500000 2005/06 2009/10 %
Total milk production (lt./year)
3000000
2000 Number of 682 2, 156 216
households
2500000
producing
1500
2000000
Number of 104 352 238
1500000 female-headed
1000
households
1000000
500 Number of 532 1879 253
500000 improved dairy
cows producing
0 0 milk
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
No. of total households Real revenue 2.2 6.5 195
No. of cows producing milk (million Birr)

35. Mass Insemination
 Lack or shortage of genetically improved animals is a key constraint in the dairy and meat value chains.
To address this bottleneck the IPMS project initiated the use of mass insemination in targeted production
areas using hormones to regulate the estrus cycle as a possible alternative option in different milk sheds
in Tigray, Amhara, Oromia and SNNPRS.
 This mass AI intervention aims at improving the effectiveness of the AI service delivery (more
inseminations/AI technician) and the efficiency of the insemination (increasing pregnancy rate/first
insemination).
 Effectiveness results of mass insemination in 2 milk sheds indicate that 200 and 175 animals were
treated with hormones/inseminated over a 2 week period by 2 AI technicians per milk shed. This
results in about 45 inseminations/AI technician/week – as compared to 6 insemination/AI
technician/week in the existing system.
 Efficiency results indicate that pregnancy rate of 62% which is a significant improvement compared
to the current national average rate of 27%, mainly as a result of timely availability of well-trained AI
technicians at the time of planned heat period.
 A second round of action research on mass insemination has taken place in the past months based on
i) an assessment of the initial results and lessons learned by the stakeholders and ii) new knowledge
and technology including the use of sex fixer to increase the probability of birth of female calves.
 So far, a total of 2097 (450 in Oromia, 572 cows in Tigray, 511 cows in SNNPR and 564 cows in
Amhara) have been synchronized and about 1000 cows have been given sex fixer.
 Preliminary results of the pregnancy rate from Tigray showed 77% pregnancy rate in Adigrat (out of
120 cows treated) and 73% in Wukro (out of 104 cows treated). The average pregnancy rate from
the two locations was about 75%. Data from other sites are not yet available.

36. Small ruminant fattening
 IPMS sites: Atsbi, Fogera, Bure, gomma, Alaba, Mieso.
 Interventions include, improved feeding, improved use of crop
residues, improved fodder production, and credit supply.
 In Gomma innovative community-based insurance was used, where
female-headed households involved were about 44%, indicating the
importance of targeted approach to engender development.
 More than half of fattened sheep are consumed by the households
in Bure and Alaba, whereas about 95% of fattened shoats are sold
in Atsbi.
 Proportion of female-headed households involved in small ruminant
fattening across the PLWs was 17%.An average of six animals were
fattened per year.
 An average of 2 fattening cycle per household per year was reported

37. Small ruminant fattening
60000 2005/06 2009/10 %
50000
40000 Number of 27, 523 54, 554 98
households
producing
30000
20000 Number of 4, 657 9, 519 104
female-headed
households
10000
0 Total number of 164, 296 314, 077 91
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 animals fattened
No. of male headed households
No. of female headed households
No. of total households Real revenue 46 120 159
(million Birr)

38. Small ruminant fattening
350000 14000000
300000 12000000
250000 10000000
Total revenue (Birr)
200000 80000000
150000 60000000
100000 40000000
50000 20000000
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
Total animals fattened per year Total animals sold per year Total revenue (Birr)

39. Cattle fattening
 IPMS sites: Atsbi, Alamata, Metema, Fogera, Bure, Ada’a, and
Mieso
 IPMS and partner interventions include improved feeding, improved
forage development, and improved use of crop residues.
 A household fattened 2 animals per year and sold both
 An average of 1.5 fattening cycle per household was reported
 Involvement of female-headed households was highest in Atsbi
(15%), followed by Ada’a (11%), Mieso (9%), Fogera (5%), and Bure
(2.5%).
 Fattening cattle was new in Metema when IPMS introduced it.

40. Cattle fattening
30000 2005/06 2009/10 %
25000
20000 Number of 6, 157 24, 391 296
households
15000 producing
10000 Number of 308 2, 121 587
female-
5000 headed
households
0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Total number 9902 47, 524 380
No. of male headed households of fattened
No. of female headed households animals
No. of total households
Real 44 207.5 867
revenue
(million Birr)

41. Cattle fattening
50000 25000000
45000
40000 20000000
35000
Total Revenue (Birr)
30000 15000000
25000
20000 10000000
15000
10000 50000000
5000
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
Total animals fattened per year Total animals sold per year Total revenue (Birr)

42. Poultry
 IPMS sites: Atsbi, Bure, Goma, Alaba, Dale.
 Interventions were delayed due to the outbreak of Avian Influenza
 IPMS and partner interventions included promotion of exotic
breeds, improved feeding and management options.
 Egg productivity increased from 154/hen/yr to 199/hen/yr.
 About 72% of eggs were sold by about 85% of producers.
 More than 50% of improved poultry producers in Atsbi are female-
headed; while only 19% in Bure.

43. Poultry
30000 6000000
2005/06 2009/10 %
25000 5000000 Number of 6, 602 17, 126 159
households
Total eggsproduced
producing
20000 4000000
Number of 1, 950 5585 186
female-headed
15000 3000000
households
10000 2000000
Number of 10091 26611 163
improved hens
5000 1000000 producing eggs
0 0
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 Number of eggs 1.55 5.3 242
produced/year
No. of male headed households (million)
No. of female headed households
No. of total households
Number improved hens producing egg
Total eggs produced per year Real revenue 1.0 3.9 291
(million Birr)

44. Apiculture
 IPMS sites: Atsbi, fogera, bure, ada’a, goma, and Alaba.
 Rehabilitation of degraded hillsides has boosted the potential of
modern apiculture- potential for new families, especially landless.
 IPMS and partner interventions include promoting box hives, input
supply (wax and accessories) by helping establish input supply
shops, capacity building in modern hive management, bee forage
development.
 Average honey yield during the first harvest was 27kg/hive, and yield
from second harvest was about 17 kg.
 An average of 34kg/household was sold (highest in Atsbi at 60 kg).
 Note:
 IPMS interventions were not limited to box hives; so impact could
be higher.
 Proportion of female-headed households involved in modern apiculture
in Atsbi was 27% (up from 19% in 2005/06), but below 4% in
Alaba, Bure and Fogera.

45. Apiculture
2005/06 2009/10 %
9000 400000
8000
Total honey produced (kg/year)
350000
7000
300000
Number of 1, 745 5, 074 191
6000
250000 households
5000 producing
200000
4000
150000 Number of 271 861 218
3000
female-headed
100000
2000 households
1000 50000
0 0
Number of box 2, 644 7, 676 190
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10
beehives
occupied with
No. of male headed households colonies
No. of female headed households
No. of total households
No. of modern hives occupied with bees Real revenue 4.94 11.19 127
(million Birr)

46. Changes in attitude towards HIV-AIDS
 IPMS and its partners promoted voluntary testing, protection from unsafe sex, protection
from non-sexual transmission methods, pre-marital HIV testing, and providing support to
infected individuals.
 Changes in attitude:
 The change in attitude with regard to voluntary testing was rated either significantly improved or
moderately improved more than 95% of the time.
 The change in attitude with regard to protection from unsafe sex was also rated significantly or
moderately improved more than 90% of the time in nine of the ten PLWs. In Alaba
PLW, significantly or moderate improvement was rated only 72% of the time.
 Farmer view that attitude towards protection from non-sexual methods of protection has improved
either significantly or moderately more than 90% of the time across all PLWs.
 With regard to pre-marital HIV testing, farmers in 7 of the PLWs rated the improvement in attitude to
be significant or moderately significant more than 90% of the time. Significant or moderate
improvement in attitude was also reported 80% of the time in Dale. However, farmers in Mieso and
Alaba reported that there was no change in behavior 69% of the time.
 Farmer ratings regarding improvements in behavior in providing support to HIV-infected was
reported as moderate improvement more than 74% of the time in only five of the PLWs. Farmers in
Dale viewed moderate improvement about 66% of the time. Four of the PLWs (Bure, Meiso, Goma
and Alaba) reported that there had not been improvement in behavior in providing support to
infected people more than 63% of the time.

47. Extent of institutionalization of the IPMS
approach
 The survey collected information on the extent to which the IPMS
approach (participatory value chain development, bottom-up
extension, and mainstreaming HIV/AIDs and gender in agricultural
development) on a three-point scale (high, moderate, nil). District
level partners were asked to respond to these questions.
 Results show that the IPMS approaches have been
institutionalized either highly or moderately.
 The one exception is the Mieso PLW, due to various reasons
including security problems and frequent staff turnover.

48. Extent to which the IPMS approach has spread
to neighboring woredas
 District level partners of IPMS were also asked to evaluate the extent
to which the IPMS approach has spread to neighboring districts.
 While the participatory value chain development approach was
reported to have spread to neighboring woredas in 8 of the
PLWs, 2 of the PLWS (Mieso and Alaba) reported no spread.
 The spread of bottom-up approach to extension was lower, where
only five of the PLWS (Atsbi, Alamata, Ada’a, Goma and Alaba)
reported spread to neighboring woredas.
 Similarly, the spread of mainstreaming HIV/AIDS and gender in
agricultural development was low, where only five PLWs
(Alamata, Ada’a, Alaba, Goma, and Dale) reported spread.

49. Thank You!