Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org) Breakout Session 3 - DIET DIVERSIFICATION

1. HarvestPlus c/o IFPRI
2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA
Tel: 202-862-5600 • Fax: 202-467-4439
HarvestPlus@cgiar.org • www.HarvestPlus.org
Dietary Diversity
and
Implementing
Biofortification
Howarth Bouis
September 23-25, 2013

2. What is the Primary Function of Agriculture?
• To Earn Income (Poverty Reduction)
• To Eat Food
–Enjoyment, culture
–Avoid Hunger (Energy → Protein)
–To Be Healthy
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Other essential compounds

3. ENERGY INTAKES FOR A RURAL
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
(calories per adult equivalent per day)
Food Category
Poorest
20%
Richest
20%
Rice and Corn 1771 1798
All Other Foods 337 777
TOTAL 2108 2575

4. IRON INTAKES FOR A RURAL
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
(milligrams per day per adult equivalent)
Food Category
Poorest
20%
Richest
20%
Rice 0.53 2.14
Corn 2.31 0.97
Other Staples 0.68 1.24
Meat, Fish 1.17 3.66
Vegetables 1.16 1.35
Other Foods 0.80 0.91
TOTAL 6.64 10.27

5. 0
50
100
150
200
250
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Developing
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Developing
World
Developing
Percent Changes in Cereal and Pulse Production
and in Population Between 1965 and 1999
Cereals Pulses Population

6. Indices of Inflation-adjusted Prices for Bangladesh
1973-75 = 100
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
1973-75 1979-81 1988-90 1994-96
Staple
Non-
Staple
Plants
Fish &
Animal

7. Share of Energy Source and Food
Budget in Rural Bangladesh
Non-Staple
plants
Fish and Meat
Energy Source Food Budget
Staple foods

8. Cereal Price Indices for India, Three Year Averages
100
110
120
130
140
150
160

9. Milk Price Indices for India, Three Year Averages
100,0
110,0
120,0
130,0
140,0
150,0
160,0

10. 90
110
130
150
170
190
70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
Pulses
Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen
by 50% Over 30 Years

11. 90
110
130
150
170
190
70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
Vegetables
Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen
by 50% Over 30 Years

12. 90
110
130
150
170
190
70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
Fruits
Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen
by 50% Over 30 Years

13. 90
110
130
150
170
190 70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
Eggs, Meat
& Fish
Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen
by 50% Over 30 Years

14. 90
110
130
150
170
190
70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
Eggs, Meat & Fish
Pulses
Vegetables
Fruits
Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen
by 50% Over 30 Years

15. 100,0
110,0
120,0
130,0
140,0
150,0
160,0
70-73
73-76
76-79
79-82
82-85
85-88
88-91
91-94
94-97
97-00
00-03
03-06
06-09
09-10
Cereals
All Food
Cereal and Food Price Indices for India,
Three Year Averages

16. Share of
Food Budget
Share of
Total Expenditures
Rural Bangladesh
Staples
Non-Staple
Plants
Fish and
Animal
Non-Food
Staples

17. After
50% Increase in All Food Prices
Animal Staples
Non-Food
Staples
Non-Food
Before
Share of Total Expenditures

18. Only 5% of Philippine women then would
have adequate iron intakes, down from
30% having adequate iron intakes

19. Supplementation Commercial
Fortification
Agricultural
Approaches
Dietary
Diversity
(higher
incomes;
education)

20. Cost-effective: central one
time investment
Photo: ICRISAT

21. 75% of the poor 25%

22. #1 Can Breeding increase nutrient
to levels that improve nutrition?
Photo: Wolfgang Pfeiffer

23. 20112
Cassava
Vitamin A
Nigeria
DR Congo
Beans
Iron (Zinc)
Rwanda
DR Congo
Maize
Vitamin A
Zambia
2012 2012
Crops for Africa & Release Dates
Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.

24. Pearl Millet
Iron (Zinc)
India
Rice
Zinc
Bangladesh
India
Wheat
Zinc
India
Pakistan
Crops for Asia & Release Dates
20122 2013220132
Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.

25. #2 Are extra nutrients bioavailable at sufficient
levels to improve micronutrient status?

26. Efficacy Trial Pipeline
Crop Country Nutrient Notes Status
1. Sweetpotato South Africa Vitamin A School children Published
2. Rice Philippines Iron Women Published
3. Bean Mexico Iron School children Conference presentation
4. Pearl Millet India Iron School children Conference presentation
5. Cassava Kenya Vitamin A School children Data analysis ongoing
6. Maize Zambia Vitamin A Serum retinol Data analysis ongoing
7. Maize Zambia Vitamin A Liver stores Data analysis ongoing
8. Bean Rwanda Iron Women Data analysis ongoing
9. Maize Zambia Vitamin A Breast milk In field
10. Wheat India Zinc Women & infants Crop produced
11. Wheat India Zinc School children Crop produced
12. Cassava Nigeria Vitamin A Children 5+ years Crop being grown
13. Pearl Millet India Zinc Children under 2yr Crop being grown
14. Rice Bangladesh Zinc Children under 5yr Planning stages

27. Harvest of Orange Maize for Nutrition Efficacy Trial

28. #3 Will Farmers adopt crops and
consumers buy & eat these?
Photos: Neil Palmer (CIAT)

29. 2007-092
Pilot Delivery (highly evaluated) ...
Orange Sweet
Potato (OSP)
Vitamin A
Mozambique
Uganda
24,000 Households reached
Up to 68% of project HHs adopted
OSP.
Up to 47% increase in share of OSP
in total sweet potato area.
Up to a 100% increase in vitamin A
intakes for infants, children and
women.
24,000 Households reached
Up to 68% of project HHs adopted
OSP.
Up to 47% increase in share of OSP
in total sweet potato area.
Up to a 100% increase in vitamin A
intakes for infants, children and
women.

30. Impact on vitamin A intakes

31. Numbers of Farm Households Testing/Growing
Biofortified Crops in H+ Target Countries (‘000)
Crop Country Nutrient End of 2013 End of 2018
Maize Zambia Vitamin A 90 500
Nigeria 0 3,200
Cassava Nigeria Vitamin A 50 2,000
DR Congo 25 750
Sweetpotato Uganda Vitamin A 75 275
Beans Rwanda Iron 275 1,800
DR Congo 175 500
Pearl Millet India Iron 250 750
Wheat India Zinc 1 750
Pakistan 0 250
Rice Bangladesh Zinc 1 1,000
India 0 500
Total 942 12,275

32. What is the Way Forward?
Photo: Neil Palmer (CIAT)

33. Challenges for Phase 3 (2014-18)
Scale up Delivery in Target Countries
•10 target countries
•Develop specific deployment strategies
•Establish in-country staff/office
•Establish networks of collaborators and
stakeholders
•New releases from breeding pipeline
•Measure cost-effective impact

34. Challenges for Phase 3 (2014-18)
Mainstream Breeding
• Make breeding for minerals and vitamins
“core” breeding objectives at CGIAR Centers
and NARS
– Develop markers
– Lower costs of breeding
– All elite breeding lines should have the relevant
genes that convey the high mineral and vitamin
traits; any cross will contain these genes
Additional Efficacy Evidence
• 1,000 Days – mothers pre-pregnancy and infants

35. Expansion Countries (2014-18)
• Work to mainstream biofortified crops into
partner institution operations
– Seed companies, especially hybrids (maize, pearl
millet)
– Food companies
– International NGOs
– United Nations, e.g. WFP’s Purchase-for-Progress
– World Bank loans

36. Why have solutions to
malnutrition been sought
outside of agriculture?
Photo: Neil Palmer (CIAT)

37. In Conclusion …
“Such intimately related subjects as
agriculture, food, nutrition and health have
become split up into innumerable rigid and
self-contained little units, each in the hands of
some group of specialists. The experts, …soon
find themselves…learning more and more about
less and less…The remedy is to look at the
whole field covered by crop production, animal
husbandry, food, nutrition, and health as one
related subject and…to realize…that the
birthright of every crop, every animal, and
every human being is health.”
"

38. Sir Albert Howard, 1873-1947
“The Soil and Health,” 1945