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Cells_and_Tissues.ppt
1.
Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.1 – 3.19 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
2.
Cells and Tissues Slide
3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
3.
Anatomy of the
Cell Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells are not all the same All cells share general structures Cells are organized into three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a
4.
The Nucleus Slide 3.3 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Chromatin Figure 3.1b
5.
Nuclear Membrane Slide 3.4 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Barrier of nucleus Consists of a double phospholipid membrane Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
6.
Nucleoli Slide 3.5 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome production Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
7.
Chromatin Slide 3.6 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of DNA and protein Scattered throughout the nucleus Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
8.
Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Other materials in plasma membrane Protein Cholesterol Glycoproteins
9.
Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7b Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2
10.
Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide
3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microvilli Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3
11.
Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide
3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Membrane junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Figure 3.3
12.
Cytoplasm Slide 3.9 Copyright ©
2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Cytosol Fluid that suspends other elements Organelles Metabolic machinery of the cell Inclusions Non-functioning units
13.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4
14.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.11 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ribosomes Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
15.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances Two types of ER Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Studded with ribosomes Site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
16.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13a Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Golgi apparatus Modifies and packages proteins Produces different types of packages Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes
17.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5
18.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.14 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lysosomes Contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials within the cell Peroxisomes Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes Detoxify harmful substances Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) Replicate by pinching in half
19.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.15 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mitochondria “Powerhouses” of the cell Change shape continuously Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy
20.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16a Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoskeleton Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm Provides the cell with an internal framework
21.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.16b Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoskeleton Three different types Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Figure 3.6
22.
Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.17 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Centrioles Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
23.
Cellular Projections Slide 3.18 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Not found in all cells Used for movement Cilia moves materials across the cell surface Flagellum propels the cell
24.
Cell Diversity Slide 3.19a Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 1, 2
25.
Cell Diversity Slide 3.19b Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 3
26.
Cell Diversity Slide 3.19c Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 4, 5
27.
Cell Diversity Slide 3.19d Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 6, 7
28.
Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.20 – 3.37 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
29.
Cellular Physiology: Membrane Transport Slide
3.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell Transport is by two basic methods Passive transport No energy is required Active transport The cell must provide metabolic energy
30.
Solutions and Transport Slide
3.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Solution – homogeneous mixture of two or more components Solvent – dissolving medium Solutes – components in smaller quantities within a solution Intracellular fluid – nucleoplasm and cytosol Interstitial fluid – fluid on the exterior of the cell
31.
Selective Permeability Slide 3.22 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
32.
Passive Transport Processes Slide
3.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient Figure 3.8
33.
Passive Transport Processes Slide
3.24a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of diffusion Simple diffusion Unassisted process Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
34.
Passive Transport Processes Slide
3.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of diffusion Osmosis – simple diffusion of water Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane Facilitated diffusion Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
35.
Diffusion through the
Plasma Membrane Slide 3.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.9
36.
Passive Transport Processes Slide
3.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Filtration Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure A pressure gradient must exist Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area
37.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transport substances that are unable to pass by diffusion They may be too large They may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane They may have to move against a concentration gradient Two common forms of active transport Solute pumping Bulk transport
38.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Solute pumping Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by solute pumps ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
39.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.10
40.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bulk transport Exocytosis Moves materials out of the cell Material is carried in a membranous vesicle Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane Vesicle combines with plasma membrane Material is emptied to the outside
41.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.11
42.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bulk transport Endocytosis Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle Types of endocytosis Phagocytosis – cell eating Pinocytosis – cell drinking
43.
Active Transport Processes Slide
3.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.12
44.
Cell Life Cycle Slide
3.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells have two major periods Interphase Cell grows Cell carries on metabolic processes Cell division Cell replicates itself Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
45.
DNA Replication Slide 3.32 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genetic material duplicated and readies a cell for division into two cells Occurs toward the end of interphase DNA uncoils and each side serves as a template Figure 3.13
46.
Events of Cell
Division Slide 3.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mitosis Division of the nucleus Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Begins when mitosis is near completion Results in the formation of two daughter cells
47.
Stages of Mitosis Slide
3.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interphase No cell division occurs The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth Prophase First part of cell division Centromeres migrate to the poles
48.
Stages of Mitosis Slide
3.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metaphase Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
49.
Stages of Mitosis Slide
3.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anaphase Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles The cell begins to elongate Telophase Daughter nuclei begin forming A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
50.
Stages of Mitosis Slide
3.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.14; 1
51.
Stages of Mitosis Slide
3.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.14; 2
52.
Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein Proteins have many functions Building materials for cells Act as enzymes (biological catalysts) RNA is essential for protein synthesis
53.
Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.38 – 3.54 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
54.
Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gene – DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein Proteins have many functions Building materials for cells Act as enzymes (biological catalysts) RNA is essential for protein synthesis
55.
Role of RNA Slide
3.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built Messanger RN Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
56.
Transcription and Translation Slide
3.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transcription Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA Translation Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
57.
Protein Synthesis Slide 3.40 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.15
58.
Body Tissues Slide 3.41 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells are specialized for particular functions Tissues Groups of cells with similar structure and function Four primary types Epithelium Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscle
59.
Epithelial Tissues Slide 3.42 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Found in different areas Body coverings Body linings Glandular tissue Functions Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion
60.
Epithelium Characteristics Slide 3.43 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells fit closely together Tissue layer always has one free surface The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane Avascular (have no blood supply) Regenerate easily if well nourished
61.
Classification of Epithelium Slide
3.44a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Number of cell layers Simple – one layer Stratified – more than one layer Figure 3.16a
62.
Classification of Epithelium Slide
3.44b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Shape of cells Squamous – flattened Cuboidal – cube-shaped Columnar – column-like Figure 3.16b
63.
Simple Epithelium Slide 3.45 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple squamous Single layer of flat cells Usually forms membranes Lines body cavities Lines lungs and capillaries Figure 3.17a
64.
Simple Epithelium Slide 3.46 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple cuboidal Single layer of cube-like cells Common in glands and their ducts Forms walls of kidney tubules Covers the ovaries Figure 3.17b
65.
Simple Epithelium Slide 3.47 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple columnar Single layer of tall cells Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus Lines digestive tract Figure 3.17c
66.
Simple Epithelium Slide 3.48 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pseudostratified Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others Often looks like a double cell layer Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract May function in absorption or secretion Figure 3.17d
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Stratified Epithelium Slide 3.49 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified squamous Cells at the free edge are flattened Found as a protective covering where friction is common Locations Skin Mouth Esophagus Figure 3.17e
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Stratified Epithelium Slide 3.50 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified cuboidal Two layers of cuboidal cells Stratified columnar Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape Stratified cuboidal and columnar Rare in human body Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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Stratified Epithelium Slide 3.51 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transitional epithelium Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching Lines organs of the urinary system Figure 3.17f
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Glandular Epithelium Slide 3.52 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product Two major gland types Endocrine gland Ductless Secretions are hormones Exocrine gland Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Include sweat and oil glands
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Connective Tissue Slide 3.53 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Found everywhere in the body Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues Functions Binds body tissues together Supports the body Provides protection
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Connective Tissue Characteristics Slide
3.54 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Variations in blood supply Some tissue types are well vascularized Some have poor blood supply or are avascular Extracellular matrix Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 3.55 – 3.73 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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Extracellular Matrix Slide 3.55 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two main elements Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules Fibers Produced by the cells Three types Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.56 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone (osseous tissue) Composed of: Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) Hard matrix of calcium salts Large numbers of collagen fibers Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.18a
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.57 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hyaline cartilage Most common cartilage Composed of: Abundant collagen fibers Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.18b
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.58a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Elastic cartilage Provides elasticity Example: supports the external ear
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.58b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrocartilage Highly compressible Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Figure 3.18c
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.59 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dense connective tissue Main matrix element is collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts Examples Tendon – attach muscle to bone Ligaments – attach bone to bone Figure 3.18d
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Areolar connective tissue Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft, pliable tissue Contains all fiber types Can soak up excess fluid Figure 3.18e
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adipose tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate Many cells contain large lipid deposits Functions Insulates the body Protects some organs Serves as a site of fuel storage Figure 3.18f
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reticular connective tissue Delicate network of interwoven fibers Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow Figure 3.18g
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Connective Tissue Types Slide
3.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix Fibers are visible during clotting Functions as the transport vehicle for materials Figure 3.18h
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Muscle Tissue Slide 3.64 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Function is to produce movement Three types Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle
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Muscle Tissue Types Slide
3.65 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal muscle Can be controlled voluntarily Cells attach to connective tissue Cells are striated Cells have more than one nucleus Figure 3.19b
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Muscle Tissue Types Slide
3.66 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiac muscle Found only in the heart Function is to pump blood (involuntary) Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks Cells are striated One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c
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Muscle Tissue Types Slide
3.67 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle Surrounds hollow organs Attached to other smooth muscle cells No visible striations One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a
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Nervous Tissue Slide 3.68 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neurons and nerve support cells Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body Irritability Conductivity Figure 3.20
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Tissue Repair Slide 3.69 Copyright
© 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells Fibrosis Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) Determination of method Type of tissue damaged Severity of the injury
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Events in Tissue
Repair Slide 3.70 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Capillaries become very permeable Introduce clotting proteins Wall off injured area Formation of granulation tissue Regeneration of surface epithelium
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Regeneration of Tissues Slide
3.71 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissues that regenerate easily Epithelial tissue Fibrous connective tissue and bone Tissues that regenerate poorly Skeletal muscle Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
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Developmental Aspects of
Tissue Slide 3.72 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty in most tissues
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