This document provides an introduction to a study on the elemental levels found in freshwater algae species in central and southern Sindh, Pakistan. It outlines the objectives to determine metals in selected algae species and their potential use in preventing fruit spoilage. The study will analyze elemental concentrations in Cladophora glomerata, C. prolifera, C. rupestris and Spirogyra alpina, S. megaspora, S. indica collected from five districts. The climate promotes high elemental levels due to heat, humidity and scarce rainfall. Elements are fundamental substances that make up all matter.

2. FIRST M.PHIL SEMINAR
Introduction
• Algae are plan like organisms which occupy a wide range in Maine and fresh water
habitat.
• Basically algae are photosynthetic, non embryo producing organisms and are
subdivided into several divisions refer to colors and presence or absence of pigments
in the cell.
• The fresh water algae are usually belongs to the division of volvocophyta,
chlorophyta and charophyata (shameel…………..et al----2001).
• There is luxuriant growth of algal species found in fresh water contain major amount
of nutrients and elements (chazala et al……….)
• The class chlorphyceae of fresh water green algae includes chlamydomonos,
chlorella, oedogonium, volorx, chara, spirogyra, cladophora,s stone wort, and other
genuses are reported for the rich elemental for the rich level in many parts of the
world.

3. • In Pakistan, Sindh province is witnessed of high elemental level in
the species of fresh water green algae (Laghari et al………)
• From time to time several studies have repeatedly been carried out
on the habitat and general occurrence of fresh water algae (Prevaiz
& Ahmed,1981; shameel and butt, 1984; Aisha and zahid, 1991),
taxonomy Aizaz and Farooqui, 1972, Farzana and Nizam 1979;
Ahmed et al ……….1983, Laghari and Arboni ,1983) Palaeontology
Laghari and Nizamani ,1984; sahito et al ……..1986, 1988) Ecology
(Nazneen 1974; Laghari and Arbani , 1984) physiology and
biochemistry (hasni, 1991). Ghazala etal…….2004.
• The present work is about to search elemental level of some
species of fresh water algae from the districts of central and
southern parts of Sindh.
• The chlorophyta and charophyta divisions were select for studies in
which three species of cladophora genus and species of spiroghyra
genus was used for observation.

4. Objectives of Study
• The aims and objectives o this research is to determine the different
metals of fresh water algae.
• Protect the stored fruits from food spoiling fungi with the treatment
of fresh water algae extract, it will be tried to explore up fresh water
algae extract based sources for fruits prevention from spoilage by
fungi.
• In this research it has been tried to analysis the concentration
essential elements form fresh water algae that are necessary for the
metabolism of all living organisim.
• To survey the different areas of Sindh (Central and southern areas)
Hyderabad, Shaheed Benzirabad, Matiari, Jamshoro and Thatta.

5. Scientific Classification
• Kingdom ______________________________ Plantae
• Division ______________________________ Chlorophyta
• Class_________________________________ Ulvophyceae
• Order _______________________________ cladophorales
• Family _______________________________ cladophoraceae
• Species ______________________________ cladophora glomerata
• Species ______________________________ cladophora prolifera
• Species _____________________________ Clodophora rupestris

6. Scientific Classification
• Kingdom ____________________________ planate
• Division ______________________________ charophyta
• Class ______________________________ zygnematophyceae
• Order ______________________________ zygnematales
• Family ______________________________ zygnemataceae
• Genus ______________________________ spirogyra
• Species ______________________________ spirogyra alpina
• Species______________________________ spirogyra megaspora
• Species ______________________________ spirogyara indica

7. Area of Collection (Study Area)
• The Sindh province of Pakistan is witnessed of algae growth in its
fresh water reservoirs
• Apart from the great Indus along with its branches, channels,
several large and small lakes ponds streams rice fields and other
fresh water wetlands are the major source of algae
• The algal material was collected in the month of February 2016
from five districts namely Shaheed Benazirabad, Matiari,
Mirpurkhas, Jamshoro and Thatta.
• The purpose of collection of algal material was to analyze the
elemental level found in districts of central and southern part of
Sindh.

8. Climate for Growth of Plants
• Water occupy about 71% of Earth in the form of
marine, fresh and brackish water.
• The fresh water habitat of biosphere covers a
small area approximately 1% of earth with huge
flora and fauna.
• All the fresh water bodies are rich in nutrient and
elements like hydrogen (H2) Oxygen (O2)
Potassium (K2) Magnesium (Mg), Copper (Cu),
Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and many others.

9. • The Indus valley lies in between latitudes 23.5 to 28.5
and Longitudes 66.75 to 71.25 and arid zone of the
globe, having dry and very hot summer and cold and
dry winter.
• The average rainfall is about 3 to 6 mm.
• The maximum temperature is about 48oC and humidity
is about 41%.
• This climatic condition of the region promotes
elemental level in fresh water algae contains multiple
elements for the building up of protoplasm of algal
species.

10. Elements
• An element is a pure substance that cannot be
separated into anything simpler by physical or
chemical means.
• Elements combine together to form compounds.
• The word elements come from the word element
which means basic or fundamental.
• Elements are building blocks of all matters.