Presentation focuses on defining the context of sustainable development, urbanisation in the Global and Indian context, positivities and negativities of urbanisation and the crisis created by urbanisation
3. Sustainable Development
• 1987 UN World Commission on Environment and
Development Report- Our Common Future-
Brundtland Report- defined Sustainable
Development in terms of ;
• Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
• Oxford Dictionary, defines --sustainability -- “
ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.”-
avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in
order to maintain an ecological balance.”
4. Sustainable Development
Sustainability & Environment – remain synonymous
- Making value addition to planet, benefits us.
- Survival of Humanity depends upon earth / its resources,
--Still We continue to deplete these resources at fast pace
“Sustainability remains a global issue,
--urban sustainability has numerous implications.
Urbanisation creates many positives but also negativities--
--increase divides
-- rich get richer-- poor get poorer.
With cities increasing in size
-- inequality grows.
-More and more resources are consumed-to meet - needs of
increased population.
Environment /ecosystems begin to erode/degrade leading to;
•Urban sprawl leads to;-- encroaching on farmland, wetlands,
and forests - loss of biodiversity --Air pollution -- The
development of slums
5. Sustainable Development
• Four pillars of sustainability;
• - Environment,
• -Economy
• Society.
• Institutions /governance.
• Capacity for Achieving Sustainable Development
must be built on;
1. Valuing Environment- Improving on Environmental aspects-Resources
2. Optimising Land-- Minimizing Landuse Change, Sustainable
Agriculture, Rationalizing food
3 Minimising Materials- Minimizing use of Materials and generating Waste
4. Promoting Bio-diversity- Promoting bio-diversity & Eco-System
Services
5. Leveraging Social/economic aspects--Improving Social and Economic
status
6. Minimising Consumption--Management of Human Concumption
6. sustainable planning-Importance
• Inefficient planning leads to – Loss of energy
• Considering large numbers of houses required for future
• Implementation of planning policies-- based on sustainable
planning --for improving overall energy efficiency of our
communities remains vital.
• Expanding footprint of urban areas
• -- leads to making urban development energy inefficient
• “high density residential development
• -- in right locations
• -- well serviced by public transport & community facilities
• -- built to highest standards”-
• -- helps to reduce transport/ energy needs of communities
• -- reducing the overall carbon output.
• -- Sustainable Development
8. State of World’s Cities
• UN Habitat Report, State of World’s Cities 2008/2009-
Harmonious Cities, defines cities in terms of --
• Cities contain both order and chaos.
• In them reside beauty and ugliness--virtue and vice.
• They can bring out best or worst in human kind.
• They are physical manifestation of history and culture
• They are incubators of innovations, industry, technology,
entrepreneurship and creativity.
• Cities are materialization of humanity’s noblest ideas, ambitions and
aspirations,
• but when not planned or governed properly, can be repository of
society’s ills.
• Cities drive national economies by creating wealth, enhancing social
development and providing employment but
• they can also be breeding grounds for poverty, exclusion and
environmental degradation.
9. Cities and their Context
• Cities have been part of human history.
• - Cities- known to command power and authority
• Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions.
• Cities- known for both -- positivities and negativities
• Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities,
infrastructures, services, healthcare, education
• Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70%
• Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity,
• Cities – also known for their negativities,
• Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/ land
• Cities- generators of 70% waste;-- consume 60% global energy -
generating 70% of carbon footprints
• --98% /56% cities in low& middle/high income economies - do not meet
air quality WHO norms Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat
• Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity
• Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living conditions
• cities – house both rich and poor
10. Cities and their Context
• Cities – always remain in crisis
• Cities – ever evolving and devolving, never static
• Cities – to remain dominant in future
• Cities- drivers/definers of nation’s future
• Cities largely responsible for climate change ,global
warming, manmade disasters etc-
• Cities - needs rationalization
• Cities --need to be made more
• -- bio-diverse; productive,
• effective, efficient, humane,
• - livable, inclusive,
• safe, Resilient ,sustainable,
• Healthy place to live /work
15. Population Scenario-World
• World population recorded:
• 1 Billion in 1804
• 2 Billion in 1927 (123 yrs. Later)
• 3 Billion in 1960 (33 yrs. Later)
• 4 Billion in 1974 (14 yrs. Later)
• 5 Billion in 1987 (13 yrs. Later)
• 6 Billion in 1999 (12 yrs. Later)
• 7 Billion in 2010 (11 yrs. Later)
• UNO population projection ranges from 8.9-10.9
billion for 2050.
• 60% population to live in cities by 2030-adding 1.4
billion
• 65 million people added annually to cities- 1.79
lakh/day
• China and Indian have population over 1 billion
• India to be most populated country by 2036.
• Tokyo largest Urban Agglomeration with 34
million residents (2011).
• 26 Urban Agglomerations with + 10 million
population in world out of which 3 are in India
(Mumbai, Kolkata & Delhi).
16. Defining Level of Urbanization
• Urbanization level - percentage of population living in
cities to the total population of the place
• Global Urbanisation-- 50% in 2007; 55% in 2022,60%- 2030
• India- 35 .9% ; Argentina- 92.3% ; America- 83.1%
• UK- 84.4%; Pakistan- 37.7% ;Belgium- 98.2%
• Bhutan- 43.7%; Hongkong- 100%; Iran- 71.4%
• Brazil- 87.6%; Canada- 81.8%; China -63.6%
• Denmark- 88.4%; France- 81.5%; Germany- 77.6%
• Chile- 87.9%; Israel- 92.8%; Japan- 92.9%
• Malawi- 18%; Nepal – 21.5%; Malaysia- 78.2%
• Level of urbanization and economic development remains
positively connected
• Higher the level of Urbanisation- higher level of economic
growth
21. Population Scenario- India-2011
• Population of India reached
• 250 million in 1919
• 500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
• 1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
• 1027 million in 2001 (1yr Later)
• 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
• 1400 million in 2031
• 1600- Indian population in 2050
• Urban Context of India
• -- 378 million– 33.1%-in urban areas in 2011
• --590--million – 41% -in urban areas in 2031
• --800 million--50% in Urban India.
• Metropolitan Centres> 1million
• -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)
• -68(2031) - 90( 2051)
• Mega Cities -10 m plus
• - nil (1951) - 3 (2011)
• -7 (2031)
• -9 (2051)
24. Population Scenario- India-2011
• Urban India --first time added more
persons(91m)
• than Rural India(90m)in last decade
• During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
-- massive shift of population -not simply a shift of
demographics
• places cities/towns at centre of India’s
development
• Increased population requires --More cities,
More housing, More educational/ healthcare/
institutions
• More commercial space ,More transportation–
More infrastructure– more Resources
32. Factors Causing of Urbanization
• - Secondary &Tertiary Activities-Industrialization, Services, Skill,
technology; Trade and commerce- commercialization-
• Higher urban Productivity
• More/ better/ varied opportunities of gainful Employment
• Better Services
• Better Infrastructure
• Higher Income
• Quality of life
• Rural Poverty--Migration- Rural- Urban
• Better Education
• Better Social Connectivity
• Major public/private Investment- metro, infra, healthcare, airports
• Centre of power and Authority
• Priority for development
• Globalization, Liberalization of economy
• Emerging Technology
• Effective/efficient Transportation- higher mobility
33. Indian Urbanization
• Urban area are important because they are :
Areas of future concentration of population,
Providers of large employment.
Areas of large investment.
Housing major infrastructure & services.
Hub around which entire economy gravitates.
Promoters of higher order of productivity
• Major contributors to the national wealth/GDP
1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%)
1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%)
1990-91- 50% (level of urbanization - 25.72%)
2001-02- 60% (level of urbanization - 27.78%)
2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%)
10 Largest cities house 8%pop and produce 15%GDP
53 Metro cities house 13 %pop and produce 33%GDP
100 Largest cities house 16%pop and produce 43%GDP
34. Indian Urbanization
-
Urbanization -- determinant and consequence of
economic development.
-- development and urbanization synonymous
– Urban growth & economic growth go hand in hand
– Cities called engines of economic growth
– -- make large contribution to national wealth.
– Economy hinges on productivity of urban settlements.
– Building Smart cities critical to boost rural economy
– Urban centers need to be planned to
Attract investment
Provide Employment.
Ensure quality of life.
Make them Smart ,Sustainable, Productive,
Livable, Humane and Eco- friendly.
Lack of policies to manage Urban India will
– jeopardize growth
– risking employment generation.
35.
36. Urbanization-issues
• Despite distinct advantages , Urban
centers:
Poorly managed and governed.
Failure to meet challenges of urban dynamism
Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development.
Enormous growth of slums
Poor quality of life
Failure to meet basic needs of
1. Shelter
2. Services
3. Land ,Water/ Sanitation
• Population , Poverty , Pollution and traffic have emerged
as the greatest threat and challenge to Indian Cities.
• Indian Urbanization is rightly called :
Urbanization of Population
Urbanization of Poverty
Urbanization of Pollution
37. • Cities profoundly alter the :
--quality of life
-impact local and global environment
- consume 70% energy / generate 73% carbon footprints
• Cities fast emerging as GREY CITIES,
• the way they:
Use land
Consume resources
Create high energy demand
Increase travel needs
Create heat islands
Generate waste
Create ecological problems
Destroy natural habitat
Add to water demand- pollution
Adversely impact environment
Lower down quality of life
Urbanization-issues
38. Cities fast emerging as large consumers of resources and
generators of waste due to:
Concentration of large population.
Concentration of large number of activities.
Increasing size of cities.
Increasing travel demand.
Increased travel distance.
Increased use of personal vehicles.
Construction of large number of buildings
Cooling / heating spaces- for comfortable
living/working.
Energy consumptions levels are rising rapidly due to:
Increasing income level.
Higher car ownership.
Travel becoming a habit.
Designing buildings without caring for energy
implications
Increasing level of living comforts.
--Considering multiple impacts -essential to make cities
sustainable
-- Need to convert existing GREY CITIES to Future SMART
CITIES.
Urbanization-issues
39. • .Niti Ayog recent document,’ Reforms in Urban Planning Capacity
in India- Final Report; September 2021 states that;
• major challenges faced by urban India/cities/towns / metropolises
include;
◦ Complexity & diversity -- of India’s urban story
◦ Absence of Statutory Master Plans-- for majority of urban centres ‘
◦ Lack of Preparedness-- to Capture Benefits of Urbanization in
Census Towns
◦ Sub-Optimal Utilization-- of Urban Land
◦ Large Magnitude of Population-- Living in Slums
◦ Increasing Risk of Water Scarcity-- in Cities
◦ Inadequate focus in City Planning-- for Disaster Mitigation
◦ Increasing pressures -- on Coastal Habitation
◦ Lack of Multi-Disciplinary and Multi-Sectoral approach-- in Urban
Planning and Policy framework
Urbanization-issues
41. Cities and their Context
• Cities- remain in crisis – 32 crisis
• both -natural and manmade
• Crisis of Planning
• Crisis of development, Crisis of Urban Sprawl
• Crisis of population, Crisis of Over-crowding
• Crisis of Migration
• Crisis of poverty,
• Crisis of pollution
• Crisis of Traffic and transportation
• Crisis of Shelter/housing
• Crisis of Water
• Crisis of Energy
• Crisis of heat island
• Crisis of Exclusion
42. Cities and their Context
• Crisis of infrastructure
• Crisis of flooding
• Crisis of Managing waste
• Crisis of Slums
• Crisis of Land
• Crisis of unemployment;
• Crisis of Quality of life;
• Crisis of Resources
• Crisis of leadership / management
• Crisis of Safety
• Crisis of Climate Change
• Crisis of Environment and Ecology, bio-diversity
• Crisis of identity; Crisis of Heritage
• Crisis of Health
• Crisis of Happiness
• Crisis of Sustainability
47. Crisis of Planning
Niti Ayog-, 65% of 7,933 urban settlements don’t have any master plan
to regulate use of land. Even in cities where such plans are available,
non- implementation of master plans has led to haphazard
constructions, aggravating problems like traffic congestion, pollution,
67. • Crisis of Pollution---India’sairpollution crisis getting worse withdeadlyultra-fine airborne particles PM
2.5andPM 10--killing millions across countryandcostingthecountry’s economyUSD38 billion
annuallyinlost labour income.
68.
69. MAJOR ISSUES:
•Heterogeneous Traffic
•increasing individual vehicle ownership;
•low road capacity; poor road geometry;
•large obsolete vehicular population;
• inefficient and inadequate public transportation;
• high degree of environmental pollution;
• low priority for traffic planning; ;
•Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians
• poor traffic management;
• mismatch between vehicle density/ road capacity;
•multiplicity of agencies involved
• absence of unified traffic regulatory authority;
• acute problems of parking;
•high rates of accidents etc.
•WHO–10%world’s road fatalities (130,000) - in India
• Traffic crashes occur every minute, and
• a life is lost every 3.7 minutes.
• Crashes negatively impact nation’s economy
• costing country 3 % of its GDP
CRISIS of TRANSPORTATION
70. Registered MV in India on 31.03. 2015
• Total registered vehicles in India – 21,00,23,289
• -- 7 states have more than 100,,00,000 registered motor vehicles --.
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan
and Madhya Pradesh-
• In 2013-14- India added 17.6 million vehicles
• 5 states have half of nations registered vehicles–
• Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, UP, Gujarat, Karnataka
• Registered motor vehicles in
• --Maharashtra -- 25562175 (12.17%) of registered motor vehicles in
India .
• -- Tamil Nadu – 22518669 (10.72%)
• -- Uttar Pradesh -- 21635531 ( 10.3%)
• --Gujarat -- 18720567 ( 8.91%)
• --Karnataka –14784961 (7.04%)
• -- Rajasthan – 12378929 (5.89%)
• -- Madhya Pradesh-11141127 (5.3%)
• -- Delhi --maximum number of Vehicles-- 8850720 (4.21%)
79. • Crisis of Water,
•Flooding, Climate
Change;Energy,
Solid waste
80.
81. Water crisis-- a health crisis.
1 million people die/from water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases
Every 2 minutes a child dies from a water-related disease
112. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Built environment impact environment / consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world’s
CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)
•70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation
•Buildings planned, designed and operated with utmost care
for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources
