Architectural Design and structural design remain collaborative and partners in making building sustainable and green. No building can be planned , designed and made green unless structural design and state of art construction supports it. Achieving sustainability in a building will be misnomer, mirage and a fallacy by excluding the input and expertise of the art and science of sustainable structure and construction. Presentation studies, examines, explores and explains that relationship and suggests option and strategies which can be leveraged to make sustainable buildings. Existing rating systems excludes the role and importance of structural design in making buildings green and sustainable, which need review ,revision and redefinition to make sustainable Structure Design integral part of the rating system of buildings in order to make these systems rational , focused and relevant to the objectives, they are supposed to achieve.

1. Building Green through
Sustainable Structural
Design
Jit Kumar Gupta
Chairman, Chandigarh Chapter, IGBC, Chandigarh
jit.kumar1944@gmail.com

2. Population Scenario- India-2011
 Buildings outcome of growing population
on planet earth
 Construction of buildings/human numbers&
human requirements positively related
 Population of India reached
 1210 million in 2011
 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in
Urban India.
 During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- -Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
 Growing population requires
 More cities, -More Buildings -- More
housing,
• More educational/ healthcare/ institutions
-- Built Space projected to be added in urban

3. Buildings- Role and Importance- Positive
 Buildings-- integral part of human history, growth &
development
 Buildings -- definer of human journey on planet earth
 Buildings-- classified as manmade environment-
 Buildings-- Essential for human living, growth,
development
 Buildings – cater to all human activities
 Buildings -- 80% human life spent in buildings
 Buildings -- vital for humanity, community, society, cities,
environment, ecology, resources, - identity, privacy ,
security, safety, quality of life,
 Buildings – are living organism
 Studies revealed —
 A Sustainable /energy-resource efficient/eco-friendly/green
School -- makes learning easy and more meaningful
 A Sustainable House--- makes people happy & healthy
 A Sustainable Hospital -- cures patients quickly
 A Sustainable Shopping Mall– attracts more footfalls

4. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF
RESOURCES
•Despite numerous positivity;
•-building also have large negativities
• - in terms of;
•-- adverse impact on environment
• -- large consumption of resources in terms of :
16% -world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25%- wood harvested.
30% -consumption of raw material.
40% - global energy consumption.
35% - world's CO2 emission
40% - Municipal solid waste.
50% -Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% residents having sick building syndrome
( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995)

5. Buildings- Role and Importance-
Negative
 Buildings- full of dualities and contradictions
 70% global warming-- buildings / transportation
 Buildings -- largest consumers of energy
 Buildings - largest consumers of resources
 Buildings – largest generators of waste
 Buildings- largest polluter of environment /ecology
 Buildings --- responsible for largest carbon footprints
 Buildings -- responsible for global warming
 Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability
 Buildings– providers of optimum/worst living conditions
 Buildings -- make people healthy/sick
 Buildings- & nature remain anti-thesis;
 Buildings- & nature have inverse relationship
• Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation.
• With annual construction placed at- 700-900msqmts in
urban India
• -energy/ environment implications of buildings will be
critical.

6. ENERGY CONSUMPTION -Buildings
•Globally, developed world - major consumer of
energy.
•Energy consumption in developing world low.
Category Population Energy Used
Developed world 22% 70%
Developing world 78% 30%
Energy Consumption increasing geometrically
due to -
- Massive Industrialization ,
- Rapid Urbanization
 -- Increasing Prosperity,
- Emerging Globalization
China/USA consume-
3.5/11 times energy/ compared to India
 40% energy consumed by buildings.
-- Construction -- 5% whereas
-35 %- energy used for operations/ maintenance
Building energy component largest
-- offer best option for energy reduction
 --50% to 70%

7. Designing Built Environment


8. Role of
Architecture &
Structural
Engineering

9. Buildings in Layers of planning/construction
 Buildings lifecycle revolves around ;
 --Siting
 -- planning/ designing,- Structure/services
 --construction,
 --operation,
 -- maintenance
 --Demolition
 -Deconstruction- selective dismantling
for reuse, repurposing, recycling, waste management.
 - Reconstruction
 Role of - Architects/ Structural Engineers - Civil
Engineers/Service Providers
 - remain critical /vital-- in planning, designing /
construction of buildings

10. Defining-Architecture/architectural
Design
 Vitruvius-Roman-- father of Architecture- identified three
basic characters of buildings
 Firmitas- Buildings to be structural stable- Engineering
 Utilitas –Buildings to be useful for occupant-
owner/community- Architecture/Engineering
 Venustas- Buildings to be aesthetically pleasing; beautiful to
look at - Architecture
 Architectural Design defined as-
 - art and science of designing spaces and
 -external building envelop-
 - that helps to create ambient/sustainable built environment
 -- which is both functional, pleasing and eco-friendly
Architect–
--designs building keeping functional/environmental aspects in
mind-
- Design made reality/executed by Civil /Structural Engineer.

11. Defining-Structure / Structural
Designing
 Structural Designing–
• -- art and science of designing internal skeleton
• -- to ensure building remains-
• - structurally safe, strong, against manmade/ natural
forces/disasters
• -- durable and economical
• - -- Sustainable Structure designed between two limits--
structural safety and economy.
• Structural Designing and Architecture
• -- two different and distinct
• -- but inter-related sciences

12. Sustainable Architectural/Structure --
Design
 Sustainable building design --defined as design;
 -which is constantly evolving
 -has minimal impact on environment.
 Where structure / processes remain
 -- environmentally responsible
 - resource-efficient
 -- throughout life-cycle of building
Sustainable building/structural design includes/involves-
• minimizing material use, Specifying recycled materials ;
• Use of substitute materials; minimizing embodied energy,
 Building for Environmental and Economic Stainability
 Improving life-cycle performance; Making Buildings lean/smart
• Architectural Design & Structural Design
 -- meaningless without each other.
 - combination of creativity & technology.
 -No building can be made sustainable without sustainable
structural design / sustainable construction

13. Need for
Sustainable
Buildings/
Structure

14. Sustainable Buildings/Structural Engineering -Relevance
 Construction projects account for;
 40% of carbon emissions 36% of energy used globally.
 Sustainable structural engineering practices more important because;
 Buildings –
 -- play Critical role in impacting climate/ environment
 - large consumers of energy/resource
 - Responsible for large carbon emissions /waste generation
 -Large Volume of built environment under construction
 -- Rapidly changing typologies of buildings- High rise, Large
area footprints, large span buildings
 -- Current Climatic Challenges faced Globally
 --Buildings remain largely responsible for climate change
 --Increasing carbon footprints
 --Rapid Ozone depletion
• --Rising Temperatures
• --Global Warming-- threatening existence of coral reefs sea ice

15. Sustainable Buildings/Structural Engineering Relevance
• Rapidly melting Glaciers
• -Constant rising sea levels
• - Possibility of Vanishing large coastal cities
• -- increasing risk of flooding
• Changing (unpredictable) weather patterns
• - threatening food production
• Calls for making buildings/structure- sustainable,
• energy-efficient; resource efficient- Waste efficient
 . Structural engineering activities involve:
• Construction activities– on green fields- risk destroying wildlife
habitats
• Consumption of large energy during construction
• Using Heavy plant machinery which relies on carbon fuels
• Embodied energy- within construction materials
• Buildings’ requiring large energy- during energy/operations

16. Changing Buildings/Construction
Perceptions

17. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements
inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

19. GREEN BUILDINGS
--DEFINITION
--ATTRIBUTES
--OBJECTIVES

20. Defining Green Building- WGBC-1
 ‘Green’ building is a building that;
 - in its design, construction / operation,
 - reduces / eliminates
 -- negative impacts, and
 -- create positive impacts
 -- on our climate /natural environment.
 WGBC committed – through Green Buildings
 -- Achieving following goals by 2050:
 - Limiting global temperature rises to 2 degrees Celsius;
 - Reducing building /construction sector’s CO2 emissions
by 84 gigatons ;
 -- Ensuring all buildings made net zero emissions.
 -- Ensuring buildings /construction sector fulfill ambition
of Paris Agreement.

21. Defining- Green Buildings-2
 Green building is defined as;
 an integrated process that focuses on;
 relationship between built and natural environment.
 -- minimizes negative environmental effects -
 - maximize value
 -- during whole life-cycle of building
 - from;
 --design,
 -- construction,
 -operation,
 -- maintenance,
 -- to renovation / demolition.

22. Defining- Green Buildings-3

23. Green Building – The Definition
 A green building is one which
Uses less
Water
Optimizes
Energy
Efficiency
Conserves
natural
resources
Generates
less
waste
Provides
healthier
spaces

24. Benefits of Green Buildings

25. Green Building- Characteristics
 Characteristics of Green buildings :
 Design Efficient
 Structural Efficient
 Energy-efficient
 Water-conservation/Efficient
 Resource-efficient
 Material-focused/Material Efficient
 -Using materials that minimize environmental impact .
 Sustainability focused- Using Construction processes --
environmentally sustainable.
 Design Focused- that minimally impacts environment.
 Indoor air quality focused- Provide best possible indoor air
quality
 Human focused- promote good health for users
 Site Focused- Causing minimum site disturbance
 Durability focused- Remains structurally/operationally
durable.
 Land Focused-- Remains Compact-saves/conserves land

26. GREEN BUILDINGS
BENEFITS
--Tangible Benefits
- Intangible Benefits
- Advantages

27. Tangible Benefits
 Reduce operating costs
 Optimize life cycle
economic performance
◦ Sustained savings
 Energy savings: up to 50 %
 Water savings: up to 40 %
HPCL-Admin Building, Vizag

28. In-tangible Benefits of Green Design
 Environmental benefits
◦ Reduce impact on environment
 Health and Safety benefits
◦ Enhance occupant comfort
 Improve Productivity of occupants
ISRO-NRSC, Shadnagar, Hyderabad

29. •i. Green Building helps in :
• ii. Up to 50% --saving in Energy
•iii. Up to 40%-- saving in Water consumption
•iv. 35% -- Reduction in carbon emission
•v Reduction of 8000-12000 Tons of Co2-- per million Sq. ft. of building
• vi saving of 3 MW --in connected electric load / million Sq ft building
• vii Reduction of 70% waste -- facilitate easy handling
•viii Reduced load-- on municipal water handling plants
•ix Enhance brand image--attracting national/international companies
•x Better returns due to higher rents
•xi Benefits to State :
•Reduction of electric demand– less production capacity
•- saving 21000- 27000 MW for new construction to be added
•Reduction in solid waste- less waste to be carried/dumped
•Reduction in water requirement- less water sourced/supplied/smaller
network – lower development cost Reduction in waste water
•Financial benefits, Environmental benefits, Social benefits
BENEFITS OF GREEN BUILDINGS

30. Defining-
Sustainable
Structural
Engineering

31. Defining--Sustainable Structural Engineering
 Sustainable structural engineering is defined as a practice which;
 Minimize Environmental Pollution
 Makes Structure supportive of Environment
• Conserve Environment - before, during/after structural construction phase.
 Design buildings/structure-Energy focused/efficient
 Minimizes Embodied Energy of structure
 Minimizing energy use of finished construction – O&M Energy
 Using low Embodied Energy materials
• Uses recyclable/renewable structural materials
• Maximizes durability of structural system
 Minimizing on-site waste
 Green structures- require less operating costs/cost-effective
 Research claims -sustainable structural construction technologies
 - could save annually $400 billion in global spending on energy specification/
 Sustainable Structural engineering solution, helps in ;
• Improving life-cycle performance ;
• Specifying recycled materials ;
• Use of substitute materials

32. Approaching-Sustainable Structures
 Consider technical, environmental, social, economic,
aesthetic aspects of structures-- during design, construction,
use, maintenance stages.
 Know function of structure-- educational, residential,
historical, religious, commercial, institutional,.
 Design to minimize depletion of raw /natural materials
 Design using material– low embodied energy ,durable, locally
available materials, recycled/ reclaimed structural materials.
 Minimize use of steel/concrete--maximize use of materials
with low negative impact on environmental
 Design for sustainability -- beams, trusses, columns, arches,
Design for maximum structural flexibility– Considering
lifetime operations-enabling future changes in structure
 Design -- Light--Reduced Self- load
 Design -- Lean and Smart

33. GREEN BUILDINGS
-- Cost of Building
--Initial Cost
- Life Cycle- cost

34. COST OF BUILDING PROJECT-initial cost
 Initial Building Project cost comprises of:
i Cost of Land, Land Registration, land survey
ii Cost of Designing , plan approval
iii Cost of developing Site
iv Cost of Construction
v Cost of Money
vi Carrying Charges
vi Government fees and Taxes
vii Cost of Advertisement
viii Legal expenses
ix Cost of Supervision
x Cost of Manpower and Security
xi. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xii Transportation and Travel Charges
xiii Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xiv Cost of Time
xv Contractor’ Margin
xvi Builder’s Margin
xvii Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges

35. Life -Cycle Cost of Building
 Life Cycle Cost of building depends upon:
I Cost of land
ii Cost of construction
iii Cost of maintenance and
 iv Cost of parts replacement cost
 v. Disposal cost or salvage value, and
 vi Useful life of system or building
 Building cost viewed --in both -- short term & long term
 Building cost also evaluated -- Initial Cost & Life Time
Cost
 Short Time Cost includes-- Initial Cost of Construction of
building
 Long Term Cost component --- whole life cost.
 To promote Cost-Effective Building – Look at Life cycle

36. Godrej IGBC Building- Hyderabad

37. Building Year
awarded
Built-in Area
(sq.ft)
Rating
Achieved
%
Increase
in cost
Payback
(Yrs)
CII-Godrej GBC,
Hyderabad
2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years
ITC Green Centre,
Gurgaon
2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years
Wipro,
Gurgaon
2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years
Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years
Spectral Services
Consultants Office, Noida
2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years
Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Cost of Green Buildings-Indian Experience
 Cost showing a decreasing trend over the years
 Incremental Cost lower-- if base design has already factored normal Green features

38. Green Buildings- life cycle
costs
Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/
Consumables 1%
Initial Cost
10%

39.  Designing
Green
Buildings

40. Designing Green Buildings
1--Adopting integrated approach to building design
2.--Design based on Climate
 Macro Climate – Regional climate;
 Meso Climate– local climate
 Micro Climate--Site climate -- based on site characteristics,
3.--Orientation -- to optimize natural light and heat gain/heat loss
4-- Sun movement-- to maximizes use of free solar energy for heating /lighting
5.--Wind direction---using movement of air for ventilation/ cooling
6. --Planning of Building-- to optimize site, shape of building, planning spaces,
allocating uses, placing of rooms, circulation, promoting building efficiency,
promoting natural sunlight, air /ventilation
7. --Designing Building Envelop--–positioning of openings & projections,
planning for shading devices, determining height/ shape of building, natural
lighting& ventilations etc
8.--Materials- Materials to be used for buildings- low embodied materials locally
available and in natural form, lightweight – reduce self load
9.--Technology- cost- effective, material efficient, speedier construction, energy
efficient
10.-Indoor Air Quality- Creating optimum living conditions for residents

41. Rediscovery of the Indian ethos
 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)-
Supported by Technology
Prithvi (Earth) Site Selection and Planning
Jal (Water) Water Conservation
Agni (Fire) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight, Night Sky Pollution
Daylighting
Views
Water Body Local materials

42. Energy Efficiency

43. Energy Efficiency

44. Energy Efficiency
 Green buildings reduce energy consumption in two ways-
 i. Embodied energy- extract, process, transport and install building materials and
 Ii. Operating energy-- to provide services to make buildings operational-- such as
heating, lighting, air conditioning, ventilation and power for equipment.
 High-performance buildings use less operating energy,
 Embodied Energy importance – upto 15.7 % of total energy consumption.
 Use local materials/ materials which consume less energy for manufacturing
 --buildings made of wood have lower embodied energy than steel/concrete
 To reduce Operating energy –
 --reduce air leakage through building envelop
 --Specify high-performance windows
 --Provide extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors.
 -- use Passive solar building design
 -- Orient windows and walls rationally ,
 -- Use trees shade windows /roofs during summer for cutting sun- in hot areas/zones
 - while ensuring maximizing solar gain in winter- in cold areas
 -- effective window placement (day lighting)-- to provide more natural light /reduce need
for electric lighting during day.
 -- Solar water heating reduces energy costs.
 --Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power wind power, hydro power
or biomass significantly reduce environmental impact Of building

46. Cost effective strategy for energy efficiency
Reduce energy
demand by
passive measures
Reduce energy
demand by active
measures
Integration of
renewable energy
Least
cost
impact
Some
cost
impact
Highest
cost
impact
• Climate responsive
architectural design
• Efficient building envelope
• Daylight harvesting
• Integration of natural sources
for cooling & heating in
building design.
Offset energy demand from the
grid by installing on-site
renewable energy
• Energy efficient equipment
• Lights
• Fans
• Air- conditioners
• Efficient building Operation &
Maintenance through BMS (Building
Management System) & Smart
Metering

48. Bahrain World Trade Center -
Bahrain
• Generating 15% energy from windmills
• Two 240 meter twin sky scrapers joined by
three windmill--, each 3 meters wide, attached to
walkways

49. Apple Park - Cupertino
Apple Corporate headquarters--Spaceship--design,
by Norman Foster
--12,000 employees --one of the most energy-efficient buildings in world.
• Temperature regulated with high tech ventilation-- tubes laid in ceilings main
building circular - 360 acres four-story circular building -64 acres. 80 % site
green space planted with drought-resistant trees and plants indigenous -

55. Water Efficiency- 4Rs- Refuse, Reduce, Recycle,
Reuse
 Adopt Strategies for reducing water consumption-
during Construction/Operation of buildings
 Adopt Options for – Reducing water consumption during
construction
 Adopting Strategies for –Using efficient technologies for Slow
the flow/ breaking water /water conservation/RW
Harvesting/Ground water charging/ multiple use of water
 Designing for dual plumbing-- using recycled water for toilet
flushing / gray water system that recovers rainwater or other
non-potable water for site irrigation.
 Minimizing wastewater-- use ultra low-flush toilets, low-flow
shower heads/ water conserving fixtures.
 Using Re-circulating systems for centralized hot water
distribution.- using technology
 Metering water use – both for domestic/ landscape separately-
Monitoring water consumption level
 -- Promoting micro-irrigation /sprinklers / high-pressure sprayer-
- to supply water in non-turf areas.
 Involving communities --Through education /incentives
 Promoting Green /intelligent Buildings as a Brand

56. Material
Efficiency

58. Material Efficiency
 Material – known to play crucial role in
impacting
 environment
 Materials for a green building are ;
 --obtained from natural/ renewable sources that
 ---managed / harvested in a sustainable way;
 --obtained locally-- to reduce embedded energy
costs of transportation; or
 salvaged from reclaimed materials at nearby sites.
 Materials assessed using green specifications
 -- looking at their Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
 --- embodied energy, durability, recycled content,
waste minimisation, and

61. Local Materials – Relevance in
Sustainability
 Construction projects account for;
 40% of carbon emissions 36% of energy used globally.
 Sourcing other than local materials--
• 1.Quarrying raw materials -- involves polluting -water
sources (underground /surface waters)
• 2. Transporting & Manufacturing of raw materials/finished
goods- influence carbon emissions.
• 3 Cement manufacturing alone contributes;- 2.8 billion tons
of carbon emissions
• 4.Based on current increase in construction activities /
urbanization– risk of raising carbon emissions to 4 billion
tons annually.

62. Energy efficiency- Embodied energy

63. Building Material impacting
temperature-
making buildings Energy efficient
 Materials also help in modulating temperature
within Buildings by;
 -- low absorption of heat through radiation
 - Low absorption of heat through
conduction/convention
 Using UV reflective paints -on exterior walls--
reduce heat gain of building.
 Using; -- light color material including
 --China mosaic white finish,
 -- vermiculite concrete, -- polystyrene insulation –
 as a roofing material
 -- minimises heat gain -- into building

64. Green Material - Fly Ash Bricks

65. Green Material- Fly Ash Bricks-
 Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime-
Gypsum bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy
of masonry.
 Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired
Fly Ash technology – limited CO2 emissions in
manufacturing process
 Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using
fly ash bricks -- cool in summers and warm in
winters.
 High Fire Resistance: -- as these bricks composed of
fly ash as its major constituents, which is un-burnt
residue of the coal fired in a thermal power plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and
other sulphate attack, ensuring no efflorescence in
structure.

66. Green Material - Autoclaved Aerated
Concrete

67. Green Material--UPVC( Unplastisized
Polyvinyl chloride) doors and Windows
The Vinyl windows
--Excellent insulators :
--Reduced heating /cooling
loads
- Prevent thermal loss
through frame / sash material .
-- Not impacted by;
weather/
-air pollution / salt,
-- acid rain
--- industrial pollution
--- pesticides
---smog,
--- discoloration and
- structural damage .
-User friendly
- Eco- Friendly ,
-- Readily accepted

68. Bamboo- Advantages
 Bamboo-- Higher Compressive
 Bamboo -- High Tensile Strength
 Earthquake Resistance –
 Lightweight -.
 Cost-effective
 Durable -
 Fast Growing
 Simple designing-
 Reducing use of wood
 Eco- friendly
 Promoting Employment
 Promoting Welfare of society/poor-
 Reduced Global warming-

69.  Occupants
Health- Indoor
Air Quality

71. Indoor Air Quality
•Indoor air quality essential for work places
--fosters better health
Good overall indoor environmental quality–
-- reduces respiratory disease, allergy, asthma, sick building
symptoms
-- enhance worker performance.
• When people main source of emission.--Carbon dioxide
concentration / indoor air quality in interiors
important indicator
-- whether quality of indoor air -- bad/good
• Poor indoor air quality leads to
--tiredness,
-- lack of concentration and
---- can even bring about illnesses.

72. Causes of Poor indoor air Quality
i. Poor ventilation
ii. Outdoor air quality/impurities
iii. Poorly insulated Building Envelop
iv. Smoking
v. Use of toxic building material
vi. Use of High VOC compound based paints for walls
vii. Dampness/water intrusion- microbial contamination
viii.Use of VOC based cleaning agents
ix. Poor Lighting
x. Furniture
xi. Floor Coverings- Carpets, Carpeting of floor
xii. Poor pollution controls-- during construction
xiii.Damaging existing vegetation/trees
xiv.Poor site planning/management
xv. Using pesticides

73. Indoor Air Quality
For Improving IAQ--
I Provide Good Ventilation system
II Choose construction materials
with low VOC emissions
iii Use sustainable building materials-
- like wood/recycled glass/ renewable
- materials like rubber / bamboo.
iv Choose interior finish products with Zero/
- low VOC emissions
V - Using - Indoor plants
VI. -Eliminating-- dampness
vii - Avoiding --Carpeting
viii. - Eliminating Smoking
ix. - Removing Impurities/CO2

74. Best air purifying plants for
general air cleanliness
Areca Palm Snake Plant
Best Air Purifier
Money Plant
Removes Nitrogen Oxides
& absorbs formaldehydes
Improving Indoor Air Quality through Plants –
Air Purifiers

75. Looking Forward
Future Typology of
Buildings--High
Rise Buildings

76. HIGH RISE BUILDINGS:
have enormous capacity to create large volume of built space
--- sparing large ground space for non -urban uses.
provide optimum solutions for housing large
population/activities using minimum area.
Offer opportunities for pedestrianizing cities.
Make cities more humane & eco-friendly.
Make cities more compact
Reduce need for long travels.
Create well knit & close communities.
•Providing work space & amenities within/near
buildings-- to reduce travel within cities.
•High rise buildings-- connected by efficient means of
mass transportation --minimize use of personalized
vehicles.
• Cities would look;
•- more green, -open and eco-friendly.
Looking Forward - Reshaping Cities

77. Future Cities-Conceptual
Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City
•Location: Any densely populated urban
environment
•-Date: 1991
•-Cost: $150,000,000,000
•Population: 1,000,000
•Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000
sft
•Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet
•Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres
•- 156 Chandigarh Sectors
•Elevator speed:-- 20 feet per second (13 miles
per hour)
•-- 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top
floor from ground floor.
•Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet;
•Diameter at the base--6000 feet;
•Number of stories--500;

78. Processes,
Technologies,
Materials which Create
Sustainable Structural
Design and make
Buildings
Sustainable

79. 1. Building Design--PEARL RIVER TOWER-
GUANGZHOU, CHINANET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING
YEAR OF COMPLETION- 2011
SITE AREA-10635SQ.M.
PROJECT AREA- 214,100SQ.M.
(2.3MILLION SQ.FT.)
NO. OF STORIES- 71
HEIGHT OF BUILDING-309 M
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVED
THROUGH
SOLAR PANELS
PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS
WIND TURBINES
DAY LIGHT HARVESTING
DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS
CHILLED CEILING WATER
UNDER FLOOR VENTILATION

80. 2. -Retrofitting
 Retrofitting - method
of modifying /
repairing something after it
has been manufactured.
 -- art /science of redefining the
use and purpose of an existing
building to make it relevant to
present needs without
demolition/ destroying the
existing buildings
 Retrofitting work includes
changing/ repairing-- structure
system of a building after
its construction and
 occupation.
 leading to-increased safety /
durability of structure

81. 3. Using Pre- fabrication /Modular
Construction – manufacturing building
 Pre-fabrication creating ---Sustainable Construction
 Facilitates Building in Hazardous Area
 Assured Quality Construction
 Promoting Material Efficiency
 Making Buildings Cost- Efficiency
 Promoting Green Construction
 Making Buildings Flexibility
 Reduced Site Disruption
 Promotes Time Efficiency
 Promotes Safety
 Reduce Water Consumption
 - Reduce wastage /theft/ reduced manpower

82. 3.Prefabrication-Crystal Palace London

83. 4. Use Local Material In Natural Form
Material

84. 5. Using Materials from waste -Green Material-
Fly Ash Bricks-
 Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash-
lime- Gypsum bricks-- 40% reduction in
embodied energy of masonry.
 • Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses
unfired Fly Ash technology -- CO2 emissions
in manufacturing process limited..
 • Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings
using fly ash bricks -- cool in summers and
warm in winters.
 • Fire Resistance: very high-- as these bricks
composed of fly ash as its major constituents,
which is un-burnt residue of the coal fired in a
thermal power plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt
and other sulphate attack, ensuring no
efflorescence in structure.

85. 6 Using Rat Trap Bond in Masonry
 -Bricks placed in vertical position,
 -- internal cavity created.
 -- Saving Apprx 30% Material (brick and mortar)
 --Cavity--Reduces cost of construction
 -- Cavity provides- effective thermal/sound insulation
 --making rat trap bond-- energy /cost efficient building
technology
 - resulting in cooler interiors during summer / warmer
interiors during winter
 All vertical / horizontal reinforced bands/ lintels (for
standard size openings),
 -- electrical conduits hidden inside wall,
 -- better aesthetic appearance without plastering
(exposed brickwork)

86. 6.Sustainable Design- Rat Trap
Method

87. 7.Using Hollow Bricks
CLAY RED MUD BURNT BRICKS

88. MORE TECHNIQUES

89. 9 . Using Filler Slab

90. 10. Using Hollow blocks
Hollow blocks allow ;
• adoption of thinner
walls
• increased floor space,
• air space of -- 25%
block’s total area,
• saves material
• Lightweight
• less self-load of building
• use less material for
jointing
• Withstand earthquake
better
• easy to install
• Since blocks are precast,
-- surface is smoother
-- requires less plastering
material.
.

91. 11. Using Bottle Bricks
In rural Nigeria, a few creative visionaries have created
something called bottle brick technology that allows them
to build strong structures using water bottles and soil.

92. 12.Using Bamboos-India Pavilion made
of Bamboo at Shanghai expo 2010

93. 12.Using Bamboos-India

94. 13. Using Technology-Aussie brick-laying
Robot working 20 times faster than human
being

95. 14 Using Technologies- deploying drones

96. 15-Using Technology --3D Printing

97. 16. Using Technologies- BIM

98. 17. Using Intelligence

100. Lawrence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker (1917 – 2007) -- British-born Indian architect,
renowned for cost-effective/ energy-efficient architecture -- that maximized space,
ventilation /light / maintained striking aesthetic sensibility

101. Conclusion- Green Buildings
• United Nations Framework– Convention on Climate Change states that:
---Urban areas consume/generate- 70% of global energy / CO2 emission
--Built Area Requirement-By 2030—82 billion sqm (900 billion sqft)-60%
of total stock of world will be built
--by 2050 building sector must phase out CO2 ( Zero carbon built
environment)
• --Buildings critical to address ecological concern
• --Going green necessity/ imperative to ensure sustainable tomorrow
• - Let us make Sustainability our
• -- way of life,
• -- part of professional teaching- learning
• -- way of professional practice
• --Together we can and
• - we shall make difference

102. ‘A Sustainable building and Sustainable Structure makes
you
Happy, Healthy and More Productive,
Provides highest quality of indoor environment
- Optimizes Resources, , Reduces Waste,
- Minimizes Carbon Footprints
- Makes building operations simple, technology driven,
- cost effective and Energy efficient.
Makes business sense and Create win-win situation for
- owners, tenants, occupants, Community, place and environment
- – ‘Natural Capitalism’