1. Running Head: PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 1
Effects of Exercise on Perceived Stress Levels of College Students
Examining Differences in Self-Reported Aerobic Activity and Stress
Jacqueline L Hirn
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 2
Abstract
The college environment is, perhaps, among the most challenging and diverse places young
adults can find themselves at. It is within the university’s prerogative to educate and
maintain a healthy student population to ensure academic success. Additionally, the
detriments of sedentary lifestyles are constantly popping up in media reports around the
country. Today it is well-known that a lack of physical activity is harmful to ones physical
fitness and health. However, less examined are the effects of physical activity on mental
health. As mental health is vital for academic success, this study is aimed to examine how
activity levels affect stress levels. To examine this, stress and physical activity levels were
collected from 112 University of Illinois students via survey. The results showed a decrease
in perceived level of stress as exercise amounts increased; however, when more than an
hour of exercise was reported the stress levels spiked. The potential benefits the study
found could provide the university an additional reason to advocate and educate students
of the benefits of physical activity and healthy living.

3. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 3
Effects of Exercise on Perceived Stress Levels of College Students
Examining Differences in Self-Reported Aerobic Activity and Stress
The aim of this study was simply that of an exploratory nature; it aimed to observe basic
trends within a representative population of students regarding stress—a large factor of
mental health—and physical activity. There have been many formal studies conducted
examining the relationship in college students between physical activity, overweight,
obesity, and diet. The 2003 study done by Huang and associates effectively summarized
many of the concerns we know as a matter of fact within this campus setting—most college
students do not meet daily physical activity and dietary guidelines. Other studies have
found approximately half (40% to 50%) of college students are physically inactive and
ventured to say that the study of college students’ physical activity levels has been
seriously neglected in modern research (Keating, 2005). Ever increasingly, the data have
led us to see that lack of physical activity is detrimental to health in increased risk of
diabetes, heart disease, overweight, and even certain cancers within the college population.
Strangely not very many studies examined the tolls a sedentary lifestyle had on mental
health. The goal of this study was to examine how levels of physical activity related to
perceived stress.
Procedure and Survey Design
The data was collected via a five-question survey with the six multiple choice questions
asking the participant to select their gender, number of credit hours, types of exercise,
duration of exercise, class status, and perceived level of stress. The survey was sent out to
students from a class advisor to university emails and then distributed to additional
students to gain a larger pool. Physical activity duration included four options: under 20

4. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 4
minutes, 20 to 40 minutes, 40 minutes to an hour, or more than an hour. Participants chose
the one that most accurately described them most of the time (at least four days a week).
Stress levels were also quantified into four categories: 2 (mild to no stress), 3 (moderate
stress), 4 (barely manageable stress), and 5 (stress potentially affecting health). The
descriptors for the stress levels were present to aid in quantifying perceived levels,
however, it should be acknowledged that stress is an extraordinarily subjective subject
material. In addition, forms of activity were provided to choose from as well and included
walking to class/bus, treadmill/weight training, athletic or sports training, skating/long-
boarding to class, or other (yoga, dance, etc.). The survey was entirely voluntary, but
incentive was supplied to entice participants. The order of questions and the order of the
provided responses were randomized to reduce biases and the completed responses were
compiled into a spreadsheet and analyzed.
Analysis
Once the data were received the stress levels were first split and averaged according to
potential confounders. Of all 112 participants, the average stress level was 3.35. When split
between males and females, a surprising difference was seen. Within females (n=82), the
stress level was an average of 3.41 while in males (n=30) the stress level averaged 3.17.
Looking back at the whole data, the splits between students’ year in school showed some
differences. Sampled first-years averaged a stress level of 3.13 (n=28), second-years
averaged 3.43 (n=40), third-years averaged 3.42 (n=28), fourth-years averaged 3.55 (n=9),
fifth-years averaged 3.50 (n=2) and graduate students averaged 3.00 (n=4). Finally, the
exercise durations and stress levels held the following results: those who had under 20
minutes of activity had an average of 3.39 for stress (n=51), those who fell in the 20 to 40

5. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 5
minute bin had an average of 3.28 (n=31), those who had 40 minutes to one hour of activity
averaged 3.23 (n=21) and those that reported over an hour of activity averaged 3.42 (n=7).
The relationship between class credit hour load and stress did not bear a significant
correlation.
Discussion
The finding the study was aimed to examine was the peculiar decrease in stress levels from
those who had under 20 minutes of activity a day to those who reported 40 minutes to an
hour of activity a day. When plotted, there is a strong, negative linear relationship (r=-.977)
between the three bins of participants’ activity duration increasing and their stress level
decreasing. The final bin of those who participated in more than an hour of activity had
average stress levels that spiked above the rest of the sample. The types of activity these
groups participated in went under scrutiny. Of those in the under 20 minutes category,
84.6% report their only physical activity as walking to class or to the bus. Of those who
reported 20 to 40 minutes of activity, 40.6% of respondents only walk to class or the bus.
In the 40 minutes to an hour category, 9.1% of respondents only walked to class or to the
bus. Additionally, of those who were in the lowest duration of activity only 5.7% of
respondents reported any form of running or strength training while as the duration
increased to 40 minutes to an hour of activity, the percentage of those who ran or strength-
trained increased to 86.0%. Unfortunately, it is difficult to discern the effects of the
differences between the duration of activity and the type of activity that affect stress levels
in students. It would be a point of further research to examine the differences between
acute bouts of aerobic exercise (such as 15 minutes on a treadmill) and more vigorous
bouts of aerobic exercise (perhaps 30 minutes on a treadmill).

6. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 6
The final bin of respondents only contained seven participants who reported more than an
hour of physical activity apiece. Of these seven, every single respondent listed athletic or
sports training as their primary activity. In the study, these seven made up for all but one
(87.5%) of the reported athletic or sports training participants. While it is uncertain from
the data, these seven may be part of one of our varsity sports teams that require vigorous
training regimens and the additional training and class may be the reason for the unusual
spike. However, more research should be conducted in athletes and stress levels to
examine the validity of this statement.
Relation and Application to Community Health
This study just begins to scratch the surface of the importance of physical health for mental
health. If the study were to be expanded into geriatrics to examine the implications of
activity and cognitive aging, the results could be community changing. With repetition and
new evidence to expand the study’s brief findings, the campus community could benefit
greatly. The results would give ground to establish a new educational program for students
to promote the many aspects of health often overlooked and the linkage between these
areas of health. In application, the study can be used to improve the health of students as a
whole as well as increasing the list of known benefits of physical activity.
Other Areas for Further Study
The findings pose several other interesting points. The difference in male and female stress
levels is noticeable, however, the female sample was nearly three times as large as the male
sample. The differences here could be attributed to sampling errors. Yet, a new area of
study could be examined in the differences in how females internalize and cope with stress
as compared to their male counterparts. Stress compared with years poses a differing

7. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 7
standpoint. First-years had the lowest sampled average stress level, while second and
third-years were nearly identical with their respective levels. Fourth-year students
appeared the most stressed. Perhaps the relatively low levels of stress in first-years are
being confounded by an outlying factor such as university housing accommodations, lack of
graduate school applications, or lack of the ability to legally obtain alcohol (and for some,
legally enter campus bars or hangouts). Further study could be conducted in these areas to
establish additional trends and eliminate existing confounders.

8. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 8
References
Huang, T., Harris, K., Lee, R., Nazir, N., Born, W., & Kaur, H. (2003). Assessing overweight,
obesity, diet, and physical activity in college students. Journal of Americal College
Health, 52(2), 83-6. Retrieved December 2, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Keating, X., Guan, J., Piñero, J., & Bridges, D. (2005). A meta-analysis of college students'
physical activity behaviors. Journal of American College Health., 54(2), 116-25.
Retrieved December 2, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
McKenzie, J., Pinger, R., & Kotecki, J. (2015). An Introduction to Community Health (8th ed.).
Jones and Bartlett.

9. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 9
Appendix A
Raw Data
What year in
school are you?
How many
credit hours
are you
currently
enrolled in?
On average, what types aerobic
exercise do you do on a daily basis?
(Select all that apply.)
On average,
how long do
you exercise
a day?
On a scale from two
to five, how
stressed would you
describe yourself?
What is
your
gender?
Senior (fourth-
year) 18 Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
40 minutes
to an hour
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
40 minutes
to an hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Senior (fourth-
year) 19+
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 18 Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 18 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15 Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Sports training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
More than an
hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female

10. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 10
Senior (fourth-
year) 18 Walking to class, Sports training
More than an
hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 19+ Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17 Just walking/running to the bus
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
More than an
hour 2 (mild stress) Male
Senior (fourth-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15 Other (skating, yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 2 (mild stress) Male
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17 Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Sports training
40 minutes
to an hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Graduate
Student 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
More than an
hour 3 (moderate stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 19+
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 14-15 Sports training
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 19+ Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
More than an
hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 16-17
None, Just walking/running to the
bus, Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 12-13
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female

11. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 11
minutes
Junior (third-
year) 14-15 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Graduate
Student 16-17 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Super-Senior
(fifth-year) 16-17 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 18
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
More than an
hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 19+
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
40 minutes
to an hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 16-17 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 2 (mild stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training,
Skate/longboarding, Other
(skating, yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15 Just walking/running to the bus
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 18 Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 2 (mild stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Treadmill/weight training
Under 20
minutes 2 (mild stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female

12. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 12
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 18 Just walking/running to the bus
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour 2 (mild stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 12-13 Other (skating, yoga, etc)
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female

13. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 13
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 18 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 2 (mild stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 12-13
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Sports training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 14-15 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Junior (third-
year) 16-17 Treadmill/weight training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 19+
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 12-13
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Skate/longboarding
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 2 (mild stress) Male
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17 Other (skating, yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 2 (mild stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 16-17 Just walking/running to the bus
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Male
Junior (third-
year) 14-15
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 18
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour 2 (mild stress) Female

14. PERCEIVED STRESS AND EXERCISE IN COLLEGE STUDENTS 14
Junior (third-
year) 14-15
Walking to class, Other (skating,
yoga, etc)
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17 Treadmill/weight training
40 minutes
to an hour 2 (mild stress) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 18
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Sports training
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Sophomore
(second-year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
More than an
hour
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Walking to class,
Skate/longboarding
Under 20
minutes
5 (stress potentially
affecting health) Male
Sophomore
(second-year) 12-13
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training, Other (skating, yoga, etc)
40 minutes
to an hour 3 (moderate stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Senior (fourth-
year) 14-15
None, Just walking/running to the
bus, Walking to class
Under 20
minutes 3 (moderate stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) 16-17
Just walking/running to the bus,
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Junior (third-
year) Under 12 Walking to class
Under 20
minutes
4 (barely
manageable stress) Female
Freshman (first-
year) 14-15
Walking to class, Treadmill/weight
training
20 minutes
to 40
minutes 2 (mild stress) Female