Microgrids, Electric Vehicles and Wireless Charging
Battery Integration & Technology Compare 7-7-15
1. Battery Integration &
Energy Storage Options
Jake McKee
Vice President Engineering, Solar PV
E.ON Climate & Renewables
Energy Storage USA
July 8th, 2015
2. Opportunities and monetizing
PG&E, PJM, TEP
Experiences in Puerto Rico
Developing, Engineering & Optimizing – Solar & Battery Projects
Design Considerations
Battery Technologies
Contracting
Overview
5. How PG&E plans to use Energy Storage
(ES) procured through their RFO?
-From their 2014 Energy Storage RFO Update 2-11-15
PG&E seeks ES that can be
scheduled into the California
Independent System Operator
(“CAISO”) market, or
ES capable of enhancing system
reliability, such as deferring
distribution system upgrades
7. Tucson Electric Power (TEP) Energy Storage RFP
Frequency Response Real Power – ESS automatically delivers 10MW
real power within 2 seconds and lasting 60 seconds then linearly ramping
down to 0 in 15 seconds
Reserve Power – Deliver 10MW real power for up to 15 minutes upon
manual command
Fault Response – Automatically dispatch reactive power when the utility
POI voltage falls below 0.8 p.u.
Voltage Control – ESS provides proportional reactive power when POI
voltage deviates outside defined deadband
9. PREPA and MTRs!!
Ramp Rate + Frequency Control
What if these happens at the same time?
MTRs led to a cost benefit sizing of battery
Complex language to measure violations
10. Ramp Rate Control
The PV facility shall be able to control the rate
of change of power output
Rate of decrease of power!
A 10 % per minute rate (based on AC capacity)
11. Frequency Response
The PV facility shall provide an
immediate real power primary
frequency response of at least 10%
of the maximum AC active power
capacity
The time response (full 10%
frequency response) shall be less
than 1 second
The facility frequency response shall
be maintained for at least 9 minutes
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12. Options Considered for PR/Island Grid Requirements
Fly Wheels, lacking longevity
Diesel Generators, lacking response time
Super Capacitors, lacking longevity
Forecasting, not mature of a field to finance
Batteries
Various combinations of the above
PURE BATTERY SOLUTION WON
14. -
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
(MW)
NAS Battery
CAES
Pumped Hydro
Advanced Lithium Ion
Advanced Lead Acid
Flywheel
Advanced Flow Battery
Hydrogen
SMH
Energy Storage Technology Forecast, World Markets: 2013-2023
(Source: Navigant Research)
Advanced Lithium Ion will Continue to Increase in
Demand and Lead Other Technologies
18. What to Consider
18
What is the primary need for the storage?
Any peripheral uses?
Choosing a storage technology
Choosing a battery provider
Choosing an integrator
Choosing an installer
19. Goals for the Storage
Renewable Energy Smoothing (ramp rate)
Renewable Energy Shifting and Firming
Ancillary Services
Arbitrage
Peaking Capacity
Transmission and distribution investment deferment
Distributed Generation Support / Distributed Storage
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21. Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
Flow
NaS
Li-Ion
Advanced Lead Acid
22. Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
Flow technologies
Higher Cycle Lifetimes
Low Maintenance
Quick Response Time
Applications requiring longer duration
Break point to go to flow is ~2 hours
23. Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
NaS
High Energy Density
High Efficiency
High Cycle Life
High Energy to Capacity Ratios
24. Selecting the Battery Technology for your Project
Li-Ion
High Energy Density
Microsecond Response Time
Better Round Trip Efficiency than NaS and Flow
26. Comparison of three Li-Ion Chemistries
Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO)
27. Charge-Rate Should Fit the Application
A C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is
discharged relative to its maximum capacity
A 1C rate means that the discharge current will
discharge the entire battery in 1 hour
A C-Rate should be closely sized to the capacity and
time requirements/goals of the Energy Storage System
28. Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)
Many factories (use in consumer electronics and vehicles)
Tailored to high specific power and/or energy; but not both!
(Source: BatteryUniversity.com)
29. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP)
Many factories due to use in consumer electronics and vehicles
Higher current rating
Higher lifetime
(Source: BatteryUniversity.com)
30. Lithium titanate oxide (LTO)
Capable of charging/discharging at higher C-Rates (4-C or greater)
Higher prices due to less applications
(Source: BatteryUniversity.com)
31. Cost
Cost per MWhr
Battery
Cost per MW
Battery
BOP
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33. Contracting the BESS
Wrap as much as possible
Battery supplier, integrator, installer, O&M
A wrap?
With a large balance sheet
If tied to a longer solar PPA Battery replacement plan
Not to exceed replacement price
Lifetime NPV evaluation
34. Contracting – Nameplate Capacity (MWs, MWhrs)
What is the nameplate of the battery system?
The batteries have more capability than the nameplate since they should not
be charged or discharged completely
The batteries can be run at different charge/discharge rates affecting the
cycle life!
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35. 35
Limiting factors with
the batteries can be
calendar life or cycle
life
“Charge Acceptance”
can be the weak point
for batteries
Charge Acceptance
36. Contracting -- Guarantees
Language to guarantee performance
Rigorous Approach
Typical weather year for ramp
Standard deviation doesn’t exceed
Existing grid frequency data for frequency
Cycles and DOD - standard deviation again
Number of cycles
Define a Depth of Discharge (DOD) for the cycle
Guarantees come at a price
38. Accounting for Your Battery.. w/ and w/ out Solar
“round-trip efficiency” of the battery
system
batteries dissipate when storing
over periods of time; too minor or
not?
From Solar or Grid!
Sign a utility contract
These are losses from the
solar production
Statistical efficiency
through operating
projects
Guaranteed
efficiency
Battery (round-trip)
Inverter (round-trip)
Transformer (round-trip)
*if vendor provide the
transformer
Parasitic Load (round-trip)
39. Direct Grid Interconnected Project..
Utilities Procurement Still Figuring Out How to Contract
How to monitor the energy stored and the energy
used by the system
Two lines and meters running to the ES
For charging
For parasitics (e.g. lights, controls, cooling)
Retail rates vs. Wholesale rates
Renewable energy shifting and firming (charge in off peak and release in peak to follow a predefined pattern). = Variable resource shaping.
Renew Energy Smoothing (smooth intermittent generation) = above
Ancillary Service = provide or absorb active power (reactive power) to keep the grid frequency (respectively voltage) within allowed boundaries.
Microgrid Diesel Abatement = Distributed Storage
Investor owned utility - CUT
Performs as a:
capacity resource
distributed storage
to defer (T&D) upgrades
capable of performing frequency
backup generation to avoid outages at remote sites
transmission and distribution asset upgrades on overstressed lines and substations
There is currently a surplus of Li-ion manufacturing capacity due to slower than anticipated growth in electric vehicle (EVs) demand, which has contributed to recent price declines in Li-Ion
Higher C-Rates can be advantageous because they require lower energy/less cells.
(Incorrect above)
By Q2/Q3 2015 there should be symmetric charge-discharge due to better charge acceptance