Agronomy: Precision water management in different rice ecosystems

1. WelcomeWelcome

2. JAGADISH
PHD15AGR5009
1ST
Ph.D
Dept. of Agronomy
UAS, Raichur, KAR

3. SEQUENCE Of PRESENTATION
Introduction
Importance of water in rice production
Water management
1. Transplanted rice
2. Direct seeded rice
3. Aerobic rice
4. System of rice intensification
5. Auto-irrigation
Conclusion

4. INTRODUCTION

5.  Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) is an annual grass that evolved
from a semi-aquatic ancestor.
 Rice (Oryza sativa L.), most important staple food crop and
primary source of food for more than half of the world’s
population.
 Rice consumes around 4000-5000 litres of water to produce
one kg grain, which is three times higher than other cereals
(Anon., 2014).
 The shrinking water resources and competition from other
sectors will decrease the share of water allocated to
irrigation by 10 to 15 per cent in the next two decades.

7. World rice production (Mt)World rice production (Mt)

8. Share of different StatS rice production
in india
Share of different StatS rice production
in india

9. Source: Report on Commodity Profile for Rice-January- 2015
Fig. 1: Major Rice exporting countriesFig. 1: Major Rice exporting countries

11. World’s Water Usage
Total Water : 1,400 million km3
Fresh Water : 2.53% (35 million km3
)
Usage in (%) World Europe Africa India
Agriculture 69 33 88 82
Industry 23 54 5 12
Domestic use 8 13 7 6

12. DO WE HAVE ENOUGH WATER ?
• India stands 7th
in the world (fresh water).
• India heading towards water scarce situation
YEAR PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY, CU M
1994 2280
2025 1500
2050 1270
Anon., 14

13. WATER CHALLENGES
 Degradation of existing water supplies
 Degradation of irrigated crop land
 Ground water depletion
 Increasing pollution / declining water quality
 Trans boundary water disputes

14. 1985
GROUND WATER SCENARIO
Study area: Part of Kolar
A) No. of bore well intensity

15. 1995

16. 2005

17. 2010
Total
935 borewells:
- 707 in use
- 228 not used

18. 1970s'
B) Ground water depilation

19. 1990s'

20. 2020’ s

21. NO WATER=NO CROPS
If no solution….
…in 2050

22. “More crop per drop
of water”
Precision water
management is necessary
Precision water
management is necessary

23. Precision Water Management
• Precision Water Management is the process of
determining and controlling the volume, frequency and
application rate of irrigation water in a planned and
efficient manner.
• Precision water management principle’s
Right Method
Right Time
Right Quantity
Right Crop

24. Ways to produce “more with less water” ??
Selection of a good genotype
Method of establishment
Weed management
Selection of a good genotype
Method of establishment
Weed management
Nutrient management
Seed priming
Silicon nutrition
Nutrient management
Seed priming
Silicon nutrition

26. Important FormulaeImportant Formulae
Where, WUE- Water use efficiency
Total water = Irrigation water + Rainfall + Soil moisture contribution
Water productivity (kg grain m-3
) =
Grain yield (Kg)
Volume of water used (m3
)
Water saving ( % )
=
Water applied in flooded plot - Water applied in treated plot X 100
Water applied in flooded plot

27. TRANSPLANTED RICE (TPR)

28. Treatments
Grain
yield (t/ha)
Total water
use (cm)
Average total
water used
(cm)
Water use
efficiency
(kg/ha/cm)
T1 6.62 122.20 117.2 58.53
T2 6.49 97.20 94.7 69.48
T3 6.60 92.20 89.7 69.89
T4 5.86 87.20 84.7 69.19
LSD 0.3 -- -- --
Note:
T1: Submargence condition (7cm), T2, T3 and T4: Application of 5 cm irrigation
water when water level in the pipe fell 10, 20 and 30 cm below the G.L,
respectively
Gazipur, Banladesh Oliver et al.
(2008)
Gazipur, Banladesh Oliver et al.
(2008)
Table 1: Grain yield, total water use and water use efficiency for different
treatments of paddy
Table 1: Grain yield, total water use and water use efficiency for different
treatments of paddy

29. Table 2: Alternate Wet and Dry Irrigation (AWDI) as an Alternative to
the Conventional Water Management Practices in Rice Farming
Irrigation
methods
Age of seedling
(days)
Grain
yield (t/ha)
Water
supplied
(m3
)
Water
productivity
(kg m-3
)
AWD
14 7.35 17.7 1.70
21 7.05 34.8 1.65
Conventional
14 7.90 23.9 1.35
21 7.65 42.3 1.25
LSD at 0.05 0.95 -- 0.30.
Canada Tejendra and Riseman (2011)Canada Tejendra and Riseman (2011)
Note:
AWDI: Alternate wetting and drying
Note:
AWDI: Alternate wetting and drying

30. Table 3: Grain yield, straw yield and WUE of paddy as influenced by
different moisture regimes
Moisture
regimes
Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha)
Water
used
WUE
(kg/ha-cm)
1998 1999 Pooled 1998 1999 Pooled pooled Pooled
UAS package 5.43 5.39 5.41 6.30 6.58 6.44 121.5 45.0
0-5 cm cyclic
submergence 6.55 516 5.86 5.89 6.41 6.65 108.8 54.0
Field capacity
to saturation 6.10 4.10 5.10 6.94 5.39 6.17 82.0 62.0
S.Em.+ 0.17 0.21 0.15 0.38 0.52 0.27 -- 1.36
CD (p=0.05) 0.66 0.83 0.60 NS NS NS -- 5.36
UAS package- Maintaining 2.5 cm submergence upto 20 DAT, later on 5 cm submergence till
15 days before harvest.
0-5 cm cyclic submergence – 5 cm submergence -immediately after disappearance of
ponded water
ARS, Kathalagere, Red sandy clay loam Ganesh (2001)

31. Table 4: Grain yield, straw yield, Total water and WUE with response of
rice to different irrigation schedules (mean data of 2 years)
Treatments
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Straw
yield
(kg/ha)
Total field
water supply
(ha-mm)
water use
efficiency
(kg/ha-mm)
Irrigation maintain daily
(5 cm) 4140 4630 1417 2.99
Irrigation once in 2 days 4011 4410 1244 3.22
Irrigation once in 4 days 3710 3960 809 4.58
Irrigation once in 5 days 3950 4130 678 4.95
Irrigation once in 6 days 3320 3460 663 4.56
Irrigation once in 7 days 3610 3920 1135 3.18
CD (p=0.05) 230 280 -- --
RARS, ANGRAU, Red sandy loam soil Avil Kumar et al. (2006)

32. Table 5: Effect of irrigation regime on rice grain yield, total water
requirement and water use efficiency
Treatments
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
TWR
(cm)
WUE
(kg/ha-cm)
Continuous submergence 5 + 2 cm water 5.3 154 31
Application of 5 cm water 1 DADPW 6.0 129 38
Application of 5 cm water 3 DADPW 3.3 90 32
Cyclic submergence of 5 cm water 2 DADPW
during non critical and shallow submergence of 3
cm water during critical stages
4.5 109 37
LSD (p=0.05) 0.5 - -
Note: DADPW- Days after disappearance of ponded water, TWR- Total Water
Requirement, WUE-Water use efficiency
TNAU Ramamoorthy et al. (2013)

33. Methods of
irrigation
Grain yield
(q ha-1
)
Straw yield
(q ha-1
) WUE
(kg/ha-mm)
KRH-2 Rasi KRH-2 Rasi
Drip irrigation 56.8 54.0 62.4 61.7 98.14
Semi irrigated
paddy
54.8 49.0 60.3 58.6 64.21
mean 55.8 51.5 61.4 60.1 ---
Table 6: Grain yield and Water Use Efficiency of rice genotypes as influenced by
methods irrigation and ‘N’ sources
UAS, Bengaluru. Puspa, (2006)

34. DIRECT SEEDED RICE

35. DIRECT SEEDED RICE
 Around 30% of the total water saved for rice cultivation as compared to puddling
and transplanting
METHODS OF DIRECT SEEDING:
1. Wet DSR :-
 Sprouted seeds on wet puddle soil
 Srilanka, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, India
2. Dry DSR:
1. Dry seeding – Broadcasting or drilling
2. USA, Punjab, Haryana
3. 30% labour saving, 15-30 % cost saving & 10- 15 days early harvest
3. Water seeding:
 Pre germinated seeds –
 broadcasting with machines or aero planes.
 USA, Australia.

36. Grain yield (t ha−1
) and Irrigation water productivity (WPi) as
affected by different establishment methods
A B
Note:
PTR: Puddled Transplanted Rice, DSR: Direct seeded Rice
Australia Sudhir et al. (2011)

37. Table 7: Effect of irrigation schedule on grain yield, straw yield and WUE
of upland rice (mean of 2 years)
Treatment
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Straw
yield
(kg/ha)
Irrigation
water applied
(cm)
CU (cm)
Water use
efficiency
(kg/ha-cm)
CGS 2163 2648 62 53.8 40.20
0.6 IW/CPE 2055 2663 56 48.7 42.19
1.5 IW/CPE 2431 2990 68 58.9 41.19
1.8 IW/CPE 2499 3026 80 69.1 36.16
S.Em.+ 17.0 23.0 - - -
CD (p=0.05) 51.0 69.0 - - -
UPRS, Parbhani, Medium black Jadhav et al. (2013
Note: CGS- Critical growth stages

38. Table 8: Water requirement, response to irrigation and water use efficiency as
affected by different treatments
Treatment
Grain yield
(q/ha)
Profile
moisture
(∆M) (cm)
WR
(ER+I+∆M)
WUE
(kg/ha-cm)
R 24.7 -0.86 54.95 44.94
S 31.5 -1.08 66.98 46.95
Rf + Sw 26.1 -2.38 72.03 36.23
Swf + R 30.3 -1.58 73.72 41.10
Sw 28.9 -3.38 80.12 36.07
CD (P=0.05) 1.35
R - Rainfed throughout
S - Saturation throughout
Rf + Sw -Rainfed upto flowering, followed by 3-5cm standing water up to ripening
Swf + R - standing water (3-5cm) upto flowering and rainfed till ripening
Sw - 3-5cm continuous standing water
Bhubaneswar, Sandy loam soil Patjoshi and Lenka, (2014)

39. Table 9: Effect of sprinkler irrigation treatments on yield and crop water productivity
of DSR
Table 9: Effect of sprinkler irrigation treatments on yield and crop water productivity
of DSR
Treatments
Yield
(kg/ha)
Volume of
water applied
(m3
/ha)
Water
saving
(%)
water
productivity
(kg grain-m-3
)
T1 (91%ETc) 3031 4552 65 0.67
T2 (100%ETc) 3257 4987 62 0.65
T3 (109%ETc) 3359 5434 58 0.62
T4 (261%ETc)
Basin irrigation
2562 13020 -- 0.2
CD (P=0.05) 267 -- -- --
Kahlown et al. (2007)Lahore(Pakistan)

40. Table 9: Effect of different establishment techniques on
yield and water productivity of rice
Ludiyana, Punjab Gill and walia, (2014)Ludiyana, Punjab Gill and walia, (2014)

41. AEROBIC RICE

42. Aerobic riceAerobic rice
 Aerobic rice is a production systems in which rice is grown in well-drained,
non-puddled and non-saturated soils with appropriate management.
 Cultivation fields will not have standing water but maintained at filed
capacity
 Weed infestation and competition is more severe in aerobic rice compared to
transplanted rice.
Advantage
– Saving of water
– Puddling and submergence is not requiring
– Nursery and transplanting is not required
– Less seed rate
Important varieties
– Mas-946-1
– MAS-25, 26
– Jaya

43. T1: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan throughout growth stages,
T2: Irrigation at 2.0 Epan throughout growth stages
T3: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan from tillering to harvest
T4: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 2.0 Epan from tillering to harvest
T5: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan from tillering to harvest
T6: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan from tillering to panicle
emergence and 2.0 Epan from panicle emergence to maturity
T7: Surface irrigated puddled transplanted rice
T1: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan throughout growth stages,
T2: Irrigation at 2.0 Epan throughout growth stages
T3: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan from tillering to harvest
T4: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 2.0 Epan from tillering to harvest
T5: Irrigation at 1.5 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan from tillering to harvest
T6: Irrigation at 1.25 Epan up to tillering and 1.5 Epan from tillering to panicle
emergence and 2.0 Epan from panicle emergence to maturity
T7: Surface irrigated puddled transplanted rice
Treatments
Research title:
Influence of drip irrigation scheduling on growth and yield of
direct seeded Aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Anusha, et al. (2015)
Variety: KRH-4,
Irrigation method: Drip irrigation

44. Treatments
Grain yield
(kg/ha)
Straw yield
(kg/ha)
Total water
used (mm)
WUE
(kg/ha/mm)
Water
saved (%)
T1 7084 8438 1159.96 6.11 52.18
T2 12048 13734 1479.68 8.14 39.00
T3 6945 8274 1102.22 6.30 54.56
T4 11929 13599 1306.46 9.04 46.14
T5 11973 13647 1364.20 8.74 43.76
T6 11806 13469 1172.38 10.18 51.67
T7 8254 10648 2425.80 3.40 --
CD (P=0.05) 2540.5 2700 -- -- --
UAS, Bengaluru Anusha et al., (2015)
Table 11: Grain yield, straw yield, total water used, WUE and water
saving in aerobic rice as influenced by different irrigation scheduling.
Table 11: Grain yield, straw yield, total water used, WUE and water
saving in aerobic rice as influenced by different irrigation scheduling.

45. Table 12: Grain & straw yield, Total water used (mm) and water use efficiency (Kg-ha
cm-1
) of aerobic rice as influenced by different weed management practices
Treatments
Grain
yield
(kg ha-1
)
Straw
yield
(kg ha-1
)
Total water
used
IR+ER
(mm)
Water use
efficiency
(kg ha-cm-1
)
T1: Weed free check 10615 20037 644.6 164.66
T2: Weedy check 1101 1865 644.6 17.07
T3: Two hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS 7563 14556 644.6 117.32
T4: Hand hoeing at 15, 30 and 45 DAS 8308 17124 644.6 128.88
T5: One hand hoeing at 15 DAS and one HW at 20 DAS 5727 13390 644.6 88.84
T6: One HW at 20 DAS and mulching with Glyricidia at 30
DAS
8009 16009 644.6 124.24
T7: Pre-emergent application Pretilachlor + Bensulfuran
methyl
5386 11759 644.6 83.55
T8: Pre-emergent application of Pretilachlor + Bensulfuran
methyl and Post emergent application of Bispyribac
sodium at 20 DAS
7662 15279 644.6 118.87
T9: T7 through herbigation (Drip) 8194 16396 644.6 127.12
T10: T8 through herbigation (Drip) 9892 18063 644.6 153.45
S.Em.± 416 490 -- 6.43
CD (P=0.05) 1238 1457 -- 19.20
UAS, Bengaluru Jagadish and Thimme Gowda, 2015

46. Table 13: Total water used, grain & straw yield and water productivity
of aerobic rice at different scheduling of irrigation
Table 13: Total water used, grain & straw yield and water productivity
of aerobic rice at different scheduling of irrigation
Treatments
No. of
Irrigations
Total
water
used
(mm)
Yield (kg/ha)
Water
productivity
(kg / ha-mm)Grain Straw
IW/CPE ratio 0.8 15 598 4289 6823 8.55
IW/CPE ratio 1.0 18 556 4776 7624 8.58
IW/CPE ratio 1.2 21 618 4916 7804 7.95
Micro sprinkler 25 659 1888 2948 2.86
CD (P=0.05) 697 875 --
TNAU Maheswari et al., (2007)

47. Table 14: Effect of irrigation schedules on total water used, water use efficiency
and benefit: cost ratio of aerobic rice (average of two years)
Treatment
Grain and
straw yield
(t/ha)
Total water
used (cm)
Water use
efficiency
(kg grain/
ha-cm)
B:C
ratio
IW/CPE ratio 2.5 6.40 7.78 154.79 41.31 2.57
IW/CPE ratio 2.0 6.22 7.40 138.24 45.04 2.53
IW/CPE ratio 1.5 5.10 5.68 111.02 45.91 2.00
IW/CPE ratio 1.0 4.78 5.22 91.84 52.09 1.72
S.Em.+ 0.06 0.08 - - 0.02
CD (5%) 0.20 0.24 - - 0.05
ZARS, VC Farm, Mandya, Red sandy loam (Shekara, 2008)

48. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)

49. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI)
METHOD
• SRI was developed in Madagascar in the early-1980s by Father Henri
de Laulanie
• Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003

50. 8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) nursery Careful uprooting & transplanting Wider spacing(25X25cm)
Weeding with weeder Saturation of the field Use of Organics

51. Water (irrigation and rainfall) used and (B) water productivity in SRI and
control rice crops
IRRI Gujju and Thiyagarajan, 2014IRRI Gujju and Thiyagarajan, 2014

52. Treatments Grain yield(kg/ha) Total water (mm) WUE (kg/ha-mm)
T1 4428 757 5.8
T2 4522 757 5.9
T3 5273 757 6.9
T4 6138 757 8.1
T5 6538 757 8.6
Table 15: Effect of different fertigation treatments on grain yield and WUE of
SRI method of rice
Table 15: Effect of different fertigation treatments on grain yield and WUE of
SRI method of rice
Vijaykumar (2009)Madurai, TN
T1- Soil application of recommended dose of fertilizer
T2-RDF of recommended N & K (P as basal)
T3- RDF of 50% of recommended P&K – 50% as basal + balance NPK as
WSF + LBF + humic acid
T4- RDF of 75% of recommended P&K – 50% as basal + balance NPK as
WSF + LBF + humic acid
T5- RDF of 100% of recommended P&K – 50% as basal + balance NPK as
WSF + LBF + humic acid
(RDF- 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha)

53. Table 16: Grain yield, water used and water
productivity of different rice establishment methods
Method of
Establishment
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Total
water
used (m3
)
Water
productivity
(kg/m3
)
Water
saved
(%)
Conventional
method
10.66 257.78 0.81 --
SRI 14.85 231.00 1.54 24
CD (P=0.05) 0.68 -- -- --
Kenya Nyamai et al. (2012)Kenya Nyamai et al. (2012)

54. Treatment
Grain yield
(Kg ha-1
)
Total water used
(WR+RF) cm
WUE
(kg ha-cm-1
)
T1–Zero till sowing 4261.01 92.13 46.25
T2 –Aerobic method 5225.98 108.92 47.98
T3 –SRI method 5436.02 125.11 46.45
T4 –Drum seeding 5202.22 156.93 33.15
T5 –Self propelled
mechanical transplanting
5032.74 156.93 32.07
T6 –Hand transplanting 4814.61 156.93 30.68
S.E m. ± 89.42 - 1.78
C.D. at 5% 268.27 - 5.38
Table 17: Water use and water use efficiency as influenced by different
establishment systems
UAS, GKVK Vijay Mahantesh, 2009UAS, GKVK Vijay Mahantesh, 2009

55. • Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30%
• Direct seeded rice: 75%
• Aerobic rice: 40-50%
• System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40%
• Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30%
• Direct seeded rice: 75%
• Aerobic rice: 40-50%
• System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40%

56. Automation of irrigation

57. An Automated Irrigation System for Rice Cropping with
Remote Supervision
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the proposed automation system
Brazil Pfitscher et al. (2013)Brazil Pfitscher et al. (2013)

58. Fig.4: a) Scheme of water level sensor installation.
b) Work scheme of electrical drives.
Fig.4: a) Scheme of water level sensor installation.
b) Work scheme of electrical drives.

59. Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed
Wireless Sensor Network
Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed
Wireless Sensor Network
Fig. 5. Conceptual system layout of in-field wireless sensor network for site-
specific irrigation.
Sidney, Australia Kim, (2008)

60. Alternate wetting and drying is the improved and efficient
irrigation method over submergence of paddy.
Irrigation scheduling at IW/CPE 0.6-1.0 was found to be effective to
enhance rice productivity.
Application of irrigation water through drip is the most
economically and environmentally sound in aerobic rice
System of Rice Intensification method rice cultivation can save
irrigation water up to 30 % in addition to yield improvement.
Automation in irrigation can address the water, labour and time
constraints in agriculture
Conclusion:

61. Save water, Save Rice
Thank youThank you