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Jaideep (17 ei18)
1. Department of Electronics Instrumentation &
Control Engineering
Topic : Air Pollution
Submitted To :- Dr. Shikha Agarwal
Submitted By :- Jaideep
Roll No. :- 17EI18
2. INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
PATICULATE MATTER
SOURCES
HEALTH EFFECT
ECONOMIC EFFECT
MATERIAL EFFECT
ALTERNATIVE WAYS
CONTROL DEVICES
3. A substance in the air that can be adverse to humans and the
environment is known as an air pollutant.
Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals,
particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or
death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or
damage the natural environment or built environment.
Air pollution cannot be eliminated completely, but steps can be taken to
reduce it. The government has developed, and continues to develop,
guidelines for air quality and ordinances to restrict emissions in an effort
to control air pollution.
4. There are two types of pollutents:
Primary pollutants
Secoundary pollutants
Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is,
they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary
pollutants.
PRIMARY POLLUTENTS :
Sulphur oxides (SOx): SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in
various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often
contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur
dioxide.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) : Nitrogen dioxide are expelled from
high temperature combustion, and are also produced naturally
during thunderstorms by electric discharge. This reddish-
brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is
one of the most prominent air pollutants.
5.
6. Carbon monoxide (CO) - is a colourless, odourless, non-
irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete
combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular
exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
Volatile organic compounds :VOCs are an important outdoor air
pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate
categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs).
Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which
contributes to enhanced global warming.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Harmful to the ozone layer emitted
from products currently banned from use.
Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia
is a compound with the formula NH3. Ammonia, either directly
or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many
pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic
and hazardous.
Radioactive pollutants – produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear
events, war explosives, and natural processes such as the
radioactive decay of radon.
Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could
cause cardiopulmonary disease.
7. Secondary Pollutants
Particulates created from gaseous Primary pollutants and
compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air
pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and
fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal
burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and
sulphur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come
from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that
are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from
the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine
with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs.
Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is
also an important constituent of certain regions of the
stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer.
Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive
many of the chemical processes that occur in the
atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high
concentrations brought about by human activities (largely
the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a
constituent of smog.
8. Particulate matter refers to everything emitted in
the form of a condensed (liquid or solid).
In utility and industrial use, coal and, to a lesser
extent, oil combustion contribute most of the
particulate (and sulfur oxides) emissions.
Coal is a slow-burning fuel with a relatively high
ash (incombustible inorganic) content. Coal
combustion particles consist primarily of carbon,
silica (Si02), alumina (AI203), and iron oxide (FeO
and Fe203 ).
Oil combustion particulate matter contains
cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and vanadium.
9. Anthropogenic (man-made) sources –
Smoke stacks of fossil fuel power stations.
Mobile sources include motor vehicles, marine
vessels, and aircraft.
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol
sprays and other solvents.
Waste deposition in landfills, which
generate methane.
Fertilized farmland may be a major source of
nitrogen oxides.
Military resources, such as nuclearweapons,
toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry.
Controlled or prescribed burning is a technique
sometimes used in forest management, farming,
prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement.
10. Natural sources –
Radon gas from radioactive decay within
the Earth's crust.
Methane, emitted by the digestion of food
by animals.
Dust from natural sources, usually large
areas of land.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
Volcanic activity, which
produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash
particulates.
Vegetation, in some regions, emits
environmentally significant amounts
of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on
warmer days. The VOC production from
these species result in ozone levels up to
eight times higher than the low-impact tree
species.
11. The health effects caused by air
pollution may include difficulty in
breathing, wheezing,
coughing, asthma and worsening of
existing respiratory and cardiac
conditions.
Including respiratory infections, heart
disease, COPD (Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease), stroke and lung
cancer.
Children aged less than five years that
live in developing countries are the most
vulnerable population in terms of total
deaths attributable to indoor and
outdoor air pollution.
12. It costs human lives.
It reduces people's ability to work.
It affects vital products like food.
It reduces the ability of ecosystems to
perform functions societies needs.
It costs money in remediation or
restoration.
13. The acid rain and photochemical
smog affect metals and
buildings.
Acid rain pollutes the soil and
water resources.
Acidic products of the air
pollutant cause disintegration of
textile,paper.
Hydrogen sulphide decolorizes
silver and lead paints.
Ozone oxidizes rubber goods.
14. Combustion of fossil fuels for space heating can be replaced
by using ground source heat pumps and seasonal thermal
energy storage.
Motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels can be replaced by
electric vehicles.
Electric power generation from burning fossil fuels can be
replaced by power generation from nuclear and renewables.
Ship propulsion and idling can be switched to much cleaner
fuels like natural gas.
Induced humidity and ventilation both can greatly dampen air
pollution in enclosed spaces.
Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such
as wind power, solar power, hydro power which don't cause
air pollution.
