Apa 2.2 documentation - tutorial no quiz

1. Research Paper Writing
SEVEN THINGS YOU
NEED TO KNOW
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

2. Notice
• This is an introduction to attribution
skills in academic research writing.
• For more information, search this
phrase online:
APA cheatsheet
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

3. Contents
The Ethics of Borrowing
Seven things You Need to Know
1. The Quote
2. The Paraphrase
3. The Citation
4. The List of References
5. The Hidden Codes
6. How to Use What You Learned
7. Non-Original & Borrowed Ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

4. THE ETHICS OF BORROWING
INTRODUCTION
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

5. Borrowing Things
• Ask permission.
• Borrowing without permission = dishonest
• Return what is borrowed.
• Borrowing without returning = stealing
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

6. Borrowing Ideas
• Ask permission. If you cannot ask permission:
– State where the idea comes from (citation)
– State where the source can be found (reference)
• Borrowing without permission = dishonest
• Return what is borrowed. If you cannot return
what is borrowed:
– Show respect to the source (citation)
– Show readers how to find the source (reference)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

7. THE ETHICS OF BORROWING
TEST YOURSELF
QUIZ
NEXT SLIDE

8. FOR MOUSE CONTROLLERS
• These slides are on automatic.
• Do not click unless you see a
blue button below each slide.

9. THE QUOTE
USING THE SAME WORDS AND/OR THE
SAME ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

10. What is a Quote?
A quote is a copy of the same
words and the same
arrangement of words of a
source.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

11. WHEN YOU QUOTE:
• Don’t change the words
• Don’t change the order of
words
• Don’t add or remove ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

12. WHEN YOU SHORTEN A QUOTE:
• If you delete words to shorten a
quote, make sure that meaning is
not changed
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

13. Rules
Place the quote inside quote
marks “…”
Any borrowed ideas without
quote marks “…” is
understood to be a
paraphrase.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

14. Rules
What about a borrowed idea
without quote marks “…”
but is not a paraphrase?
That’s plagiarism, which
means an F grade.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

15. Rules
State the source of the
quote: cite the source
Use a citation
Each citation should have a
reference
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

16. TWO (2) CITATION FORMATS
HALF-IN: Author outside, date inside
TUTORIAL
ALL-IN: Name + comma + date inside
Dubryk (2010)
(Dubryk, 2010)
INSIDE = inside the parentheses
NEXT SLIDE

17. CITATION TYPE 1: Before a Quote
Half-in – According to: Comma before sourced idea
TUTORIAL
Half-in – says that: No comma before sourced idea
According to Authorname (1911), quote
Authorname (1911) says that quote
SAY THAT = explain that, insist that, write that; explains this idea saying that; details
this idea saying that NEXT SLIDE

18. CITATION TYPE 1: EXAMPLE
Half-in – According to: Comma before sourced idea
TUTORIAL
Half-in – say that: No comma before sourced idea*
According to Jon (1911), “India can be a
wonderful place for a winter vacation.”
Jon (1911) says that “India can be a
wonderful place for a winter vacation.”
Exception: When inserting an appositive such as , sometimes,
NEXT SLIDE

19. CITATION TYPE 2: After a Quote
Half-in – Comma before “say”
TUTORIAL
All-in – No comma before citation
quote, says Authorname (DATE).
quote (Authorname, DATE).
The citation is a part of the sentence. It comes before the end-punctuation, which can
be a period (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!). NEXT SLIDE

20. CITATION TYPE 2: EXAMPLE
Half-in – Use a comma with “say”
TUTORIAL
All-in – No comma before all-in citation
“India can be a wonderful place for a
winter vacation,” says Jon (1911).
“India can be a wonderful place for a
winter vacation” (Jon,1911).
The citation is a part of the sentence so it is placed before the end-punctuation.
NEXT SLIDE

21. Hidden Code
An ellipsis (three dots ) …
indicate deleted words (to
shorten a quote) but the idea
is still complete.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

22. ELLIPSIS: EXAMPLE
Half-in – Use a comma with “say”
TUTORIAL
All-in – No comma before all-in citation
“India can be ... wonderful ... for a winter
vacation,” says Jon (1911).
If we are planning a vacation this winter,
“India can be ... wonderful” (Jon,1911).
The citation is a part of the sentence so it is placed before the end-punctuation.
NEXT SLIDE

23. Hidden Code
A full-stop (one dot) . Can mean:
• That one idea is complete.
• That another idea is coming next.
• That one sentence is ended.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

24. Hidden Code
Four dots .... mean that
• Some words were deleted = ...
• It’s the end of a complete idea = .
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

25. ENDING ELLIPSIS: EXAMPLE
TUTORIAL
If we plan to go this winter,
Jon (1911) says that “India
can be ... wonderful ....”
NEXT SLIDE

26. Use Ellipsis to...
• ... shorten a quote
• ... remove unnecessary words
• ... focus on important ideas
Note: The original meaning should remain
the same in the shortened version.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

27. Example #1
Can be shortened like this:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Sometimes, “... life in Malaysia was
not only difficult but also dangerous,” says
Buruhanudeen (1997).
“There were times in the past when
life in Malaysia was not only difficult but
also dangerous” (Buruhanudeen, 1997).

28. Example #2
Can be shortened like this:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Aside from being difficult, “... life in
Malaysia was ... also dangerous”
sometimes (Buruhanudeen, 1997).
“There were times in the past when
life in Malaysia was not only difficult but
also dangerous” (Buruhanudeen, 1997).

29. THE PARAPHRASE
A BORROWED IDEA
COMPLETE IDEA, ACCURATE IDEA
USING DIFFERENT WORDS
USING DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

30. What is a Paraphrase?
The exact and complete idea
of a source, but using
different words and different
arrangement of words.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

31. Rules
No quote marks
State the source
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

32. CITATION TYPE 1: Before a Paraphrase
Half-in – According to: Comma before sourced idea
TUTORIAL
Half-in – says that: No comma before sourced idea
According to Authorname (1911), paraphrase
Authorname (1911) says that paraphrase
SAY THAT = explain that, insist that, write that; explains this idea saying that; details
this idea saying that NEXT SLIDE

33. CITATION TYPE 1: EXAMPLE
Half-in – According to: Comma before sourced idea
TUTORIAL
Half-in – say that: No comma before sourced idea*
According to Jon (1911), our November-
December holiday might be best in India.
Jon (1911) says that a November-December
holiday might be best spent in India.
Exception: When using an appositive
NEXT SLIDE

34. CITATION TYPE 2: After a Paraphrase
Half-in – Comma before “say”
TUTORIAL
All-in – No comma before citation
paraphrase, says Authorname (DATE).
paraphrase (Authorname, DATE).
The citation is a part of the sentence. It comes before the end-punctuation, which can
be a period (.), a question mark (?), or an exclamation mark (!). NEXT SLIDE

35. CITATION TYPE 2: AFTER
Half-in – Use a comma with “say”
TUTORIAL
All-in – No comma before citation
A December holiday might be best spent
in India, says Jon (1911).
An end-year holiday might very
enjoyable in India (Jon,1911).
The citation is a part of the sentence so it is placed before the end-punctuation.
NEXT SLIDE

36. THE CITATION
SHOW WHERE A SOURCED IDEA COMES FROM
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

37. Definition
• Shows the source of a borrowed idea
• Inside open & close parentheses ( )
• A comma , separates the name from the
year of publication
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
(Jon, 1911)

38. Rules
• Each borrowed idea should have a
citation
• Use author last name only in the citation
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
There were times in the past when life
in Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous (Buruhanudeen, 1997).

39. Rules
• The full stop is after the close
parenthesis.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
There were times in the past when life
in Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous (Buruhanudeen, 1997).

40. No Author
• If there is no author, use the group,
company or organization name
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
(Albukhary Foundation, 1992)

41. No Author At All
• If there is no company or
organization name, use Anon. which
means anonymous.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
(Anon., 1992)

42. Punctuation
• A comma separates the author and
the date
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
(Anon., 1992)

43. Key to List of References
• Each citation should have a year
• If there is no year, use n. d. which means
no date.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
(Buruhanudeen, n. d.)
Since the original two words are separated
by a space, the abbreviation is also
separated by a space.

44. Contents
The citation is a short version of the
reference.
• Citation
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
(Buruhanudeen, 2002)
•Reference
Buruhanudeen, S. F., (2002). My Secret
Life. Alor Setar: AiU Press. Online
at www.faris.com

45. AND
HIDDEN CODES : IN-TEXT CITATIONS
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

46. NEXT SLIDE
Code: One Author
• A comma separates the author
and the date
(Anon., 1992)
TUTORIAL

47. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Many Authors
• A comma separates many authors
of one document.
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)
TUTORIAL

48. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Many Authors (2)
• The last name is preceded by “and”.
(Cruz and Abu, 1992)
(Cruz, Abu, and Montri, 1992)
TUTORIAL

49. ET AL.
HIDDEN CODES : IN-TEXT CITATIONS
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

50. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Many Authors
• The phrase “et alia” means “and
others”.
• This is from the Latin language of Ancient Rome.
• Latin is used only by learned men and scholars.
People who never acquired formal schooling
usually do not use this language.
• People who use Latin correctly are recognized as
learned persons.
TUTORIAL

51. NEXT SLIDE
Code: 3 to 5 Authors
• If there are three to five authors, use
“et al.” after the first use
First use (Cruz, Abu, Montri, and
Dicaprio, 1992)
Next uses (Cruz, et al., 1992)
• A full-stop is used after “al.” to show that it is
an abbreviation of the word “alia”.
TUTORIAL

52. NEXT SLIDE
Code: 6+ Authors
• If there are six or more authors,
use “et al.” all the time
First use (Cruz, et al., 1992)
Next uses (Cruz, et al., 1992)
TUTORIAL

53. SEMICOLON
HIDDEN CODES : IN-TEXT CITATIONS
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

54. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Two Documents
• Use a semicolon to separate two
sources in one citation.
(Abu, 1992; and Moe Tun, 1900)
• Use “and” before the last source.
(Abu, 1992; and Moe Tun, 1900)
TUTORIAL

55. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Many Sources & Many Authors
Use a semicolon to separate two sources
in one citation. Use “and” before the
last source.
(Abu and Montri, 1992; and Aly and Moe, 1900)
(Cabrera, 2013; Abu, 1992; Montri, 1901; and
Moe, 2015)
(Cabrera, 2013; Abu and Montri, 1992; and Ziaa,
Aly, and Moe Tun, 1900)
TUTORIAL

56. NEXT SLIDE
One More Time...
• Two names = no comma + and
(Author1 and Author2, 1900)
• Three names = comma + and
(Author1, Author2, and Author3, 1900)
• Four or more names = comma + et al.
(Author1, et al., 1900)
TUTORIAL

57. NEXT SLIDE
Code: The Same Source
• To cite the same source in one
paragraph, use author names only
with no date.
First use (Cruz, et al., 1992)
Next use, same paragraph (Cruz, et. al.)
TUTORIAL

58. SEMICOLON
HIDDEN CODES : IN-TEXT CITATIONS
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

59. NEXT SLIDE
Code: The Same Source
To cite the same source in another
paragraph, use author name + date.
Next use, new paragraph (Cruz, et al., 1992)
Next use, same paragraph (Cruz, et. al.)
TUTORIAL

60. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Same Source, Another Page
When an idea is from a different page
in the same document, use “p. #” and
no date.
First use (Cruz, et al., 1992)
Different page (Cruz, et al., p. 2)
Different pages (Cruz, et al., pp. 2-5)
TUTORIAL
A full-stop is used to show that “p” is an abbreviation of “page” and that “pp” is an
abbreviation of “pages”.

61. NEXT SLIDE
Citation VS Reference
A citation is a short version its
reference:
(Buruhanudeen, et. al., 1992)
TUTORIAL

62. NEXT SLIDE
Citation VS Reference
The reference is a complete version of
the citation. All authors are listed (no
“et al.”)
Buruhanudeen, F., Cruz, B., Abu, M.,
and Montri, J. (1992). My Secret
Life. AiU Press, Malaysia. Online at
www.faris.com
TUTORIAL

63. TAKE A BREAK
THIS IS THE MIDPOINT OF THE LECTURE
NOTICE
NEXT SLIDE

64. SPACES & CAPITAL LETTERS
PUNCTUATION: LIST OF REFERENCES
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

65. Punctuation: Space Rule (1)
Always use a space between
words to separate one word
from another. If not:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Alwaysusea spacebetween
wordsto separateoneword
fromanother.

66. Punctuation: Space Rule (2)
Space after
– comma
– semicolon
– colon
– full stop or any end-
punctuation if a sentence
follows.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

67. Punctuation: Space Rule (3)
Space after the full-stop of an
abbreviation but no space if
followed by another symbol.
Ibid.
p. 2.
Ibid., pp. 20-22.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

68. No space before comma,
semicolon, colon, full stop,
question mark, exclamation, en-
dash, or em-dash
Punctuation: No Space Rule (1)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

69. No space before a close quote
mark, close parenthesis, or close
bracket.
Punctuation: No Space Rule (2)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

70. No space after open quote mark,
open parenthesis, or open bracket.
However, use a space before.
Punctuation: No Space Rule (4)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

71. No space before a close quote
mark, close parenthesis, or close
bracket.
Punctuation: No Space Rule (3)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

72. Punctuation: Capitalization (1)
Always capitalize the first letter of
a sentence.
If the title of a source uses this
rule, follow the original the format.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

73. Punctuation: Capitalization (2)
In titles, always capitalize the first
letter of each noun, verb, adjective,
and adverb. Do not capitalize
prepositions and conjunctions. If the
source title uses ALLCAPS, follow this
rule.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

74. Punctuation: Capitalization (2)
If the original title capitalizes
all words including
prepositions and
conjunctions, follow the
original format.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

75. Punctuation: Capitalization (3)
Acronyms (UN, USA, UNICEF,
CIA) are always all-caps.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

76. PARAGRAPH INDENTION
FORMAT: LIST OF REFERENCES
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

77. Code: Paragraph Indent (1)
The first line of the paragraph can use
block-indent (this is incorrect for
APA list of references):
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin Sulaiman, S. N.,
and Abu, M. (2013). “How to Write an A*
Reflection Diary” in The Washington Journal,
p. 32. Alor Setar: Albukhary Press. Online at
www.washingtonjournal.com
THE BEGINNING OF EACH LINE IS ALIGNED

78. Code: Paragraph Indent (2)
The first line of the paragraph can use
right-indent (this is incorrect for
APA list of references)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
THE FIRST LINE BEGINS SOME SPACES FROM THE RIGHT
bin Sulaiman, S. N. (1920). “Life in AiU” in The
Voice of Albukhary, Vol. 1., p. 20. Bangkok: Singha
Co. Ltd. Online at www.freearticles.com

79. Code: Paragraph Indent (3)
The first line of the paragraph can use
hanging indent (this is correct for
APA list of references)
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
EXCEPT FOR THE FIRST LINE, ALL LINES BEGIN SOME SPACES FROM THE RIGHT
Abu, M., and Potter, H. P. S. (2002). “The
Negative Numbers” in Basic Algebra.
Harcourt Brace: New York. Online at
www.aiu.edu.my

80. THE TITLE
HIDDEN CODES: LIST OF REFERENCES
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

81. NEXT SLIDE
Code: List of References (1)
•The title List of
References that begins
on another page is a
code that means “this is
formal research writing.”
TUTORIAL

82. NEXT SLIDE
Code: List of References (2)
•If the writing is semi-
formal, begin the list
after the last paragraph
of the document, even if
it is on the same page.
TUTORIAL

83. NEXT SLIDE
Code: List of References (3)
•The title is always
centered at the top of
the page.
TUTORIAL

84. NEXT SLIDE
Code: List of References (4)
•If all sources are from
books, the title can be
Bibliography instead of
List of References.
TUTORIAL

85. NEXT SLIDE
Code: List of References (5)
•If all sources are from
the web, the title can be
Webliography.
TUTORIAL

86. NEXT SLIDE
Code: List of References (6)
•If you are not sure, the
title can be List of
References, Reference
List, or References.
TUTORIAL

87. ORDER OF NAMES
HIDDEN CODES: LIST OF REFERENCES
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

88. Code: List of References (7)
• The list of references is arranged
alphabetically.
• The surname is the basis of
alphabetic arrangement.
• For this reason, the surname
begins the list, not the first
name.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

89. NEXT SLIDE
Alphabetical Listing (6)
The list of references is arranged alphabetically,
according to author surname (family name):
Abu, Martin
Baker, Methuselah Jones
bin Faris, Syed
bin Sulaiman, Siti Nora
Cruz, Jr., Juan
Potter, Harry Paul Seymour
von Heuten, Jaeger
TUTORIAL

90. NEXT SLIDE
Surnames (1)
• The word “surname” also means
“family name.”
• The phrase “family name” means a
name used by other members of the
family (e.g. siblings).
• The purpose of this term is only to
differentiate first name from
surname.
TUTORIAL

91. NEXT SLIDE
Surnames (2)
• Any part of a name that is not first name
is considered as family name
TUTORIAL
Lester Cruz, Jr.
Armand de la Cruz
Emeraude du Plessis
Jazira binti Ismael
Ahmad bin Usman
John Mark Hopkins
Cruz, Jr., L.
de la Cruz, A.
du Plessis, E.
binti Ismael, J.
bin Usman, A.
Hopkins, J. M.

92. NEXT SLIDE
Code: The Comma
A comma can indicate one
of two meanings:
• the names are reversed
• another author
TUTORIAL

93. EXAMPLE
Martin Abu
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Western Arrangement
Comma means: reversed order
Abu, Martin
A capital letter and full stop: abbreviation
Abu, M.

94. EXAMPLE
Abu, M., bin Faris, S.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
A comma after that = another author
A comma after that = another author
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., Cruz, T.
Use and before the last author name
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and Cruz, T.

95. AUTHOR & YEAR
BASIC REFERENCE: PART 1
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

96. Introduction (1)
One type of reference is the basic
reference; this type has only four
parts.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Part 1 is author name and date. Part 2
is title of the main document. Part
3 is city published and name of
publisher. Part 4 is electronic
address

97. Introduction (1)
Each of the parts ends in a full-stop,
except the electronic address.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin Sulaiman, S. N.,
and Abu, M. (2013). “How to Write an A*
Reflection Diary” in The Washington
Journal, p. 32. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Online at www.washingtonjournal.com

98. NEXT SLIDE
Part 1: Name & Date
An abbreviation is a short version.
In a reference, the author’s first
name is abbreviated.
The full-stop after one capital
letter means that a word is
abbreviated.
TUTORIAL

99. EXAMPLE
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and
Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

100. EXAMPLE
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and
Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

101. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Many Authors
A comma between names
means “another author.”
TUTORIAL

102. EXAMPLE
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and
Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

103. NEXT SLIDE
Code: Many Authors
Always use “and”
before the last author.
TUTORIAL

104. EXAMPLE
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and
Potter, H. P. S.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

105. EXAMPLE
bin Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu,
M.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

106. EXAMPLE
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin
Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu, M.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

107. Code: Year of Publication
Four numbers in parentheses
shows the year of publication.
Use a full-stop after the close
parenthesis.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

108. EXAMPLE (1)
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and
Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

109. Code: Year of Publication
Use no comma before the open
parenthesis.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

110. EXAMPLE (2)
bin Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu,
M. (1920).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

111. Code: Year of Publication
Use a space before the open
parenthesis.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

112. EXAMPLE (3)
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin
Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu,
M. (2013).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

113. MAIN DOCUMENT TITLE
BASIC REFERENCE: PART 2
TUTORIAL

114. Code: Source Document Title
Italics means “ this is the
document title”.
Use a full-stop at the end of the
title.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

115. EXAMPLE (1)
Abu, M., bin Faris, S., and Potter, H. P. S.
(2002). Basic Algebra.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

116. EXAMPLE (2)
bin Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu, M.
(1920). Life in AiU.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

117. EXAMPLE (2)
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin
Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu, M. (2013).
How to Write an A* Reflection
Diary.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

118. Code: Source Document Title
In the manual typewriter era, italics
were not possible.
Underline was used instead of
italics.
You can still find this usage in old
documents.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

119. Code: Main Document Title (1)
The title of the main document is
always in italics.
A main document may be
composed of other documents
with different titles. Such titles are
in quote marks and not italicized.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

120. Examples
• A book with a title may have many
chapters (italics). Each chapter may
have a different title (quote marks).
• A magazine has a title (italics).
There are many stories in a
magazine, each with different titles
(quote marks).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

121. Code: Main Document Title
To indicate that a title is not
the main title, use “in” before
the main title.
Use a full-stop at the end of
the main title.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

122. EXAMPLE 1
Abu, M., and Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
“The Negative Numbers” in
Basic Algebra.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

123. EXAMPLE 2
bin Sulaiman, S. N. (1920). “Life in
AiU” in The Voice of Albukhary,
Vol. 1., p. 20.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

124. EXAMPLE 3
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin
Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu, M.
(2013). “How to Write an A*
Reflection Diary” in The
Washington Journal, p. 32.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

125. CITY & PUBLISHER
BASIC REFERENCE: PART 3
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

126. Code: City &Publisher
The City: Publisher shows where
and who published a document.
Use a colon between city and
publisher.
Use a full-stop at the end.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

127. EXAMPLE 1
Abu, M., and Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
“The Negative Numbers” in
Basic Algebra. Alor Setar:
Albukhary Press.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

128. EXAMPLE 2
bin Sulaiman, S. N. (1920). “Life in
AiU” in The Voice of Albukhary,
Vol. 1., p. 20. Bangkok: Singha
Co. Ltd.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

129. EXAMPLE 3
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin
Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu, M.
(2013). “How to Write an A*
Reflection Diary” in The
Washington Journal, p. 32. New
York: Harcourt Brace.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

130. ELECTRONIC ADDRESS
BASIC REFERENCE: PART 4
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

131. Online Document
The phrase “Online at” is the
code for an online document.
Use no full-stop at the end.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

132. EXAMPLE 1
Abu, M., and Potter, H. P. S. (2002).
“The Negative Numbers” in Basic
Algebra. Alor Setar: Albukhary
Press. Online at www.aiu.edu.my
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

133. EXAMPLE 2
bin Sulaiman, S. N. (1920). “Life in
AiU” in The Voice of Albukhary,
Vol. 1., p. 20. Bangkok: Singha Co.
Ltd. Online at
www.freearticles.com
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

134. EXAMPLE 3
Potter, H. P. S., bin Faris, S., bin
Sulaiman, S. N., and Abu, M.
(2013). “How to Write a
Reflection Diary” in The
Washington Journal, p. 32. New
York: Harcourt Brace. Online at
www.washjournal.com
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

135. HOW TO CITE QUOTES
USE THE SAME IN-TEXT CITATION FORMAT: BORING
ALTERNATE DIFFERENT FORMATS: LESS BORING
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

136. Citing Quotes
• The exact words are inside quote marks.
• The full-stop is after the citation.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
“There were times in the past
when life in Malaysia was not only
difficult but also dangerous”
(Buruhanudeen, 1997).

137. CITATION STYLE 1: Before Sourced Ideas
Author (DATE) says:
The original text starts with a capital letter
Use a colon
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Buruhanudeen (1997) says:
“There were times in the past when
life in Malaysia was not only safe but
also enjoyable.”

138. CITATION STYLE 2: Before Sourced Ideas
Author (DATE) says that:
The original text starts with a small letter
Use no comma or colon
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Buruhanudeen (1997) says that
“there were times in the past when
life in Malaysia was not only safe but
also enjoyable.”

139. CITATION STYLE 3: Before Sourced Ideas
According to Author (DATE),
The original text starts with a small letter
Use a comma
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
According to Buruhanudeen
(1997), “there were times in the past
when life in Malaysia was not only
safe but also enjoyable.”

140. Common Errors
• Don’t use according to after the quote.
• Error example:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous,” according to Buruhanudeen (1997).
• Corrected:
According to Buruhanudeen (1997), “there
were times in the past when life in Malaysia was
not only difficult but also dangerous.”.

141. Common Error (1)
Use a comma after “author says” when the quote
begins with a capital letter
• Error example:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Buruhanudeen (1997) says “There were times
in the past when life in Malaysia was not only
difficult but also dangerous.”.
• Corrected:
Buruhanudeen (1997) says, “There were
times in the past when life in Malaysia was not
only difficult but also dangerous.”.

142. Common Error (2)
Don’t use a comma after “author says that” when
the quote starts with a small letter
• Error example:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
Buruhanudeen (1997) says that, “there were
times in the past when life in Malaysia was not
only difficult but also dangerous.”.
• Corrected:
Buruhanudeen (1997) says that “there were
times in the past when life in Malaysia was not
only difficult but also dangerous.”.

143. Common Error (3)
• Use a comma after “according to author” before
a quote
• Error example:
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE
According to Buruhanudeen (1997) “there
were times in the past when life in Malaysia was
not only difficult but also dangerous.”.
• Corrected:
According to Buruhanudeen (1997), “there
were times in the past when life in Malaysia was
not only difficult but also dangerous.”.

144. Ellipsis: Usefulness
1. When you are required to limit the
number of quoted text in your paper
2. To show your teacher that you:
•understand the idea
•can use your own words
•are fluent in English
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

145. Citation Style #3
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• There is no comma between author and date.
According to Buruhanudeen (1997),
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous”.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

146. Citation Style #4
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• There is no comma between author and date.
Buruhanudeen (1997) explains that
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous”.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

147. Citation Style #5
• Use a page number only if it is important for
the reader.
Buruhanudeen (1997) explains that
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” (p. 12).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

148. HOW TO USE QUOTES & CITATIONS
(TWO AUTHORS)
ONE MORE
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

149. Quote & Citation #1
• Use “and” before the last author name.
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” (Buruhanudeen and Ssemudu,
1997).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

150. Quote & Citation #2
• Use “and” before the last author name.
• Use page numbers only if this is important for
the reader.
“There were times in the past when life in
Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous” says Buruhanudeen and
Ssemudu (1997, pp. 3-5).
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

151. Quote & Citation #3
• Only the date is in the parenthesis.
• The date follows the author name.
• Use “and” before the last author name.
According to Buruhanudeen and Ssemudu
(1997), “There were times in the past when
life in Malaysia was not only difficult but also
dangerous.”
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

152. QUOTES & CITATIONS: 2 AUTHORS
NO NEED TO TEST YOURSELF
NO QUIZ
NEXT SLIDE

153. NON-ORIGINAL & BORROWED
IDEAS
FINALLY
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

154. NON-ORIGINAL IDEAS (1)
• Any idea that did not come from your own
senses: sight, touch, taste, hearing, direction,
balance, etc.
• Safety Rule: Cite all non-original ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

155. NON-ORIGINAL IDEAS (2)
• Any idea that can be found in any source:
books, persons, magazines, the internet, etc.
• Safety Rule: Cite all non-original ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

156. BORROWED IDEAS (1)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Words
• Arrangement of words
Safety Rule: Cite all borrowed ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

157. BORROWED IDEAS (2)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Images
• Arrangement of images
Safety Rule: Cite all borrowed ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

158. BORROWED IDEAS (3)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Images
• Arrangement of images
Safety Rule: Cite all borrowed ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

159. BORROWED IDEAS (4)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Sounds
• Arrangement of sounds
Safety Rule: Cite all borrowed ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

160. BORROWED IDEAS (5)
Ideas come in different forms, such as:
• Objects
• Arrangement of objects
Safety Rule: Cite all borrowed ideas
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

161. Documentation (1)
• Documentation = citation and
reference.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

162. Documentation (2)
• All borrowed ideas must be
documented.
• All non-original ideas must be
documented.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

163. Documentation (3)
• You must indicate if a borrowed idea
use the exact words and
arrangement of words.
• This is called quoting.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

164. Documentation (4)
• You must indicate if a borrowed idea
use the different words and
arrangement of words.
• This is called paraphrasing.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

165. Documentation (5)
• The use of borrowed or non-original
ideas without documentation is
called plagiarism.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

166. Documentation (6)
• Plagiarism is punishable according to
the rules of the institution. This can
be anything from a zero grade to
expulsion.
TUTORIAL
NEXT SLIDE

167. Best Practices
• Use sources with complete
information: author, date, publisher
• Use documents with a DOI
• For more information, search this
phrase online:
APA cheatsheet

168. You might want to know...
• Where to put the volume number in
the reference
• How to cite emails, lectures, phone
conversations
• For more information, search this
phrase online:
APA cheatsheet

169. End of Lecture
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
By Syed Muhammad Faris bin Syed Buruhanudeen (Malaysia), Soe Moe Tun (Myanmar),
Umo Aly (Vietnam), Lor Kiat Seng (Malaysia), and Jaime Alfredo Cabrera (Philippines)
03 July 2013, Albukhary International University, Alor Setar, Malaysia
NEXT: POST-TEST
(20 ITEMS)