8. Phonetics Acoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air Auditory phonetics – the study of the perception of speech sounds, via the ear Articulatory phonetics – the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ 3
9. Articulatory Phonetics Deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced, what parts of the mouth and in what sorts of configurations Phoneticians’ techniques – x-ray photography, palatography (to observe contact btwn the tongue and the roof of the mouth) Most basic tool – impressionistic phonetic transcription: e.g. tomato Webster’s: tə-mā-tōtə-mä-tō Gershwin: tomato tomahto 4
10. SEAGH 5 Imagine a word spelled as CHEF? But pronounced as How would one come to this spelling? sure dead laugh
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12. One solution to describe the sounds of a language is to produce a separate alphabet with symbols that represent sound phonetic alphabet
15. A “Good” Phonetic Alphabet: Characteristics 3. If 2 sounds are very similar and their differences arise only from the context they’re in, those similarities should be represented [k]sounds in keep and cool (place where they’re articulated are dependent on the following vowel) 8
16. The English Alphabet The English alphabet has 26 letters but there are over 40 different speech sounds: 5 vowel and 21 consonant letters of the alphabet About 20 vowel sounds and 24 consonant sounds (depending on dialect) 9
17. A “Good” Phonetic Alphabet: Not English Same sound spelled using different letters: sea, see, scene, receive, thief, amoeba, machine Same letters can stand for different sounds: - sign, pleasure, resign - dough, through, rough, cough, fought, drought 10
18. A “Good” Phonetic Alphabet: Not English Single sound spelled by a combination of letters: lock, that, book Single letter represents a combination of sounds: exit, use Sometimes letters stand for no sound at all: know, doubt, though 11
19. Transcription the conversion of spoken words into written words the process of matching the sounds of human speech to special written symbols using a set of exact rules, so that these sounds can be reproduced later. 12
69. Manner: all vowels are articulated in the same way, with the tongue raising or lowering to the target position
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71. Vowel Space(Height x Backness Space) The space is typically quadrilateral in shape. (quadra = four; lateral = side) It is also (and primarily) an auditory space. We hear vowels as similar or different from each other depending on their proximity in this space. 25
72. 26 Monophthongs of English You will find that you open your mouth a little wider as you change from [i] to [Ɛ] to [æ] seat set These varying degrees of openness correspond to different degrees of tongue height sat
73. 27 Monophthongs of English Made with the front of the mouth less open because the tongue body is raised, or high Produced with an intermediate tongueheight Pronounced with the front of the mouth open and the tongue lowered.
74. Monophthongs of English 28 boot beat Beat: the body of the tongue is raised and pushed forward so it’s just under the hard palate. Boot: made by raising the body of the tongue in the back of the mouth, toward the velum
75. 29 Monophthongs of English Front: tongue is moved forward or advanced for all front monophthongs Back: tongue is retracted or pulled back for the back monophthongs
76. Lip Rounding Vowel quality also depends on lip position [u] in two lips are rounded [i] in tea lips are unrounded 30
77. 31 Diphthongs of English Diphthongs: Complex vowel sounds because they are two-part vowel sounds, consisting of a transition from one vowel to the other in the same syllable Try saying eyevery slowly. How do you make this vowel sound? Your tongue starts out in the low back position for [α] Then your tongue moves toward the front position for [I]