Er. Subash Chandra, RAU

1. RAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIHARRAJENDRA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, BIHAR
Pusa (Samastipur) – 848125Pusa (Samastipur) – 848125
HOD, Farm Machinery
Status of farmStatus of farm
mechanization in Bihar,mechanization in Bihar,
constraints andconstraints and
promotional strategypromotional strategy

2. Important factsImportant facts
 76% population depends on agriculture for76% population depends on agriculture for
livelihood.livelihood.
 Marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmersMarginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers
contribute to 99.9% of total number of holdings andcontribute to 99.9% of total number of holdings and
97.2% of total area of operational holdings.97.2% of total area of operational holdings.
 Net sown area has decreased from 57.6% in 2011-12Net sown area has decreased from 57.6% in 2011-12
to 42.3% in 2012-13.to 42.3% in 2012-13.
 Cropping intensity has increased from 1.37 to 1.44.Cropping intensity has increased from 1.37 to 1.44.
 Cereals have share of more than 85% in totalCereals have share of more than 85% in total
cultivable land for crop production.cultivable land for crop production.
 Productivity has declining trend from 2012-13 andProductivity has declining trend from 2012-13 and
this is mainly due to mainly decrease in annualthis is mainly due to mainly decrease in annual
rainfall.rainfall.
 Farm mechanization has growing trend and farmFarm mechanization has growing trend and farm
power availability was 1.90 kw/ha in 2014-15.power availability was 1.90 kw/ha in 2014-15.

3. Agro Climate Zones of BiharAgro Climate Zones of Bihar
ZoneZone DistrictsDistricts
Zone – IZone – I :: West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan,West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan,
Saran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Muzaffarpur,Saran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Muzaffarpur,
Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga,Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga,
Samastipur, Gopalganj, BegusaraiSamastipur, Gopalganj, Begusarai
(13 districts)(13 districts)
Zone – IIZone – II :: Khagaria, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa,Khagaria, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa,
Madhepura, Araria, Kisanganj, SupaulMadhepura, Araria, Kisanganj, Supaul
(8 districts)(8 districts)
Zone – IIIZone – III :: Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxer, Kaimur, Arwal,Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxer, Kaimur, Arwal,
Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, Shiekhpura,Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, Shiekhpura,
Jahanabad, Aurangabad, Gaya, Munger,Jahanabad, Aurangabad, Gaya, Munger,
Bhalpur, Banka, Jamui, LakhisaraiBhalpur, Banka, Jamui, Lakhisarai
(17 districts)(17 districts)

4. Land utilization (Area in '000 ha)Land utilization (Area in '000 ha)
Land useLand use 2010-112010-11 2011-122011-12 2012-132012-13
Geographical areaGeographical area 9359.579359.57 (100.0)(100.0) 9359.579359.57 (100.0)(100.0) 9359.579359.57 (100.0)(100.0)
ForestForest 621.64621.64 (6.6)(6.6) 621.64621.64 (6.6)(6.6) 621.64621.64 (6.6)(6.6)
Barren and uncultivable landBarren and uncultivable land 431.72431.72 (4.6)(4.6) 431.72431.72 (4.6)(4.6) 431.72431.72 (4.6)(4.6)
Land put to non-agriculturalLand put to non-agricultural
useuse
1699.721699.72 (18.2)(18.2) 1699.721699.72 (18.2)(18.2) 1699.721699.72 (18.2)(18.2)
Land under tree cropLand under tree crop 244.56244.56 (2.6)(2.6) 244.56244.56 (2.6)(2.6) 246.34246.34 (2.6)(2.6)
Fallow landFallow land 121.88121.88 (1.3)(1.3) 121.17121.17 (1.3)(1.3) 121.78121.78 (1.3)(1.3)
Current fallowCurrent fallow 920.27920.27 (9.8)(9.8) 781.26781.26 (8.3)(8.3) 766.7766.7 (8.2)(8.2)
Total uncultivable landTotal uncultivable land 4100.874100.87 (43.8)(43.8) 3963.833963.83 (42.4)(42.4) 3957.173957.17 (42.3)(42.3)
Net sown areaNet sown area 5258.705258.70 (56.2)(56.2) 5395.755395.75 (57.6)(57.6) 3957.173957.17 (42.3)(42.3)
Gross sown areaGross sown area 71947194 7646.767646.76 7777.527777.52
Cropping intensityCropping intensity 1.371.37 1.421.42 1.441.44
Note : The figure in parenthesis denote percentage share in total geographical area.Note : The figure in parenthesis denote percentage share in total geographical area.
Source : Directorate of economics & statistics, Govt. of Bihar

5. Distribution of holdings by size classDistribution of holdings by size class
Category of farmersCategory of farmers No. of holdingsNo. of holdings OperationalOperational
holdings (in ha)holdings (in ha)
Marginal (0-1 ha)Marginal (0-1 ha) 86,45,93286,45,932 (82.9%)(82.9%) 27,87,78927,87,789 (40.8%)(40.8%)
Small (1-2 ha)Small (1-2 ha) 10,05,65010,05,650 (9.6%)(9.6%) 13,00,66713,00,667 (19.0%)(19.0%)
Semi medium (2-4 ha)Semi medium (2-4 ha) 5,90,9705,90,970 (5.7%)(5.7%) 15,82,27915,82,279 (23.1%)(23.1%)
Medium (4-10 ha)Medium (4-10 ha) 1,78,2951,78,295 (1.7%)(1.7%) 9,75,3559,75,355 (14.3%)(14.3%)
Large (10-above ha)Large (10-above ha) 11,57011,570 (0.1%)(0.1%) 1,93,7601,93,760 (2.8%)(2.8%)
TotalTotal 1,04,32,417 (100%)1,04,32,417 (100%) 68,39,850 (100%)68,39,850 (100%)
Source : Agricultural Census Division, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi
Marginal, small and semi medium farmers contribute toMarginal, small and semi medium farmers contribute to
98.2% of total farming community.98.2% of total farming community.

6. Annual rainfall for different season (mm)Annual rainfall for different season (mm)
YearYear
Winter rainWinter rain
(Jan.-Feb.)(Jan.-Feb.)
Hot-weatherHot-weather
rainrain
(Mar.-May)(Mar.-May)
South-westSouth-west
monsoonmonsoon
(Jun.Sep.)(Jun.Sep.)
North-eastNorth-east
rainrain
(Oct.-Dec.)(Oct.-Dec.)
TotalTotal
20092009 0.090.09 (0.5)(0.5) 98.2298.22 (131.3)(131.3) 699.17699.17 (83.0)(83.0) 71.1371.13 (110.1)(110.1) 868.61868.61 (87.3)(87.3)
20102010 0.740.74 (4.4)(4.4) 49.3049.30 (65.9)(65.9) 584.40584.40 (69.3)(69.3) 43.4143.41 (67.2)(67.2) 677.85677.85 (68.1)(68.1)
20112011 5.205.20 (31)(31) 79.4079.40 (106.1)(106.1) 1028.001028.00 (122.0)(122.0) 0.500.50 (0.8)(0.8) 1113.11113.1 (111.9)(111.9)
20122012 11.2011.20 (66.9)(66.9) 31.3031.30 (41.8)(41.8) 704.20704.20 (83.5)(83.5) 51.2051.20 (79.2)(79.2) 797.9797.9 (80.2)(80.2)
20132013 17.1017.10 (102.1)(102.1) 73.8073.80 (98.7)(98.7) 518.40518.40 (61.5)(61.5) 164.30164.30 (254.3)(254.3) 773.6773.6 (77.8)(77.8)
20142014 33.3033.30 (198.8)(198.8) 96.1096.10 (128.5)(128.5) 788.30788.30 (93.5)(93.5) 41.9041.90 (64.8)(64.8) 959.6959.6 (96.5)(96.5)
20152015
(Upto Sep(Upto Sep
11.7011.70 (69.9)(69.9) 89.3089.30 (119.4)(119.4) 693.30693.30 (82.3)(82.3) -- --
Average 11.33 73.92 716.54 62.07 865.11
In recent years, decrease in rainfall has adversely affectedIn recent years, decrease in rainfall has adversely affected
crop production and agricultural mechanizationcrop production and agricultural mechanization
Note : Figures in parenthesis denotes actual rainfall as the percentageNote : Figures in parenthesis denotes actual rainfall as the percentage
of averageof average
Source : Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Bihar

7. Cropping patternCropping pattern
CropCrop Percentage in areaPercentage in area
2010-112010-11 2011-122011-12 2012-132012-13 2013-142013-14 2014-152014-15
Food grainsFood grains 92.0692.06 93.0193.01 93.0293.02 92.8992.89 93.2593.25
CerealCereal 84.0384.03 85.7385.73 85.985.9 85.885.8 86.1686.16
PulsesPulses 8.038.03 7.287.28 7.117.11 7.087.08 7.097.09
Oil-seedsOil-seeds 1.941.94 1.851.85 1.591.59 1.741.74 1.631.63
Fibre cropFibre crop 2.272.27 2.112.11 1.941.94 1.711.71 1.561.56
SugarcaneSugarcane 3.733.73 3.033.03 3.463.46 3.663.66 3.513.51
Source : Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar

8. Production and
Productivity of cereals in
Bihar (2008-15)
YearYear Production ('000 tonnes)Production ('000 tonnes) Productivity (t/ha)Productivity (t/ha)
2008-092008-09 12143.012143.0
2009-102009-10 9616.39616.3
2010-112010-11 10352.110352.1 1.8381.838
2011-12*2011-12* 17363.6517363.65 2.792.79
2012-13*2012-13* 17286.717286.7 2.782.78
2013-142013-14 15716.315716.3 2.592.59
2014-152014-15 14321.1614321.16 2.332.33
* In both years, massive demonstration on SRI and SWI* In both years, massive demonstration on SRI and SWI
had impact on productivity of rice and wheat crop.had impact on productivity of rice and wheat crop.

9. Area and productivityArea and productivity
under major crops inunder major crops in
BiharBihar
CropCrop
AreaArea
(in Lakh hectare)(in Lakh hectare)
ProductivityProductivity
(Q/ha)(Q/ha)
2011-122011-12 2014-152014-15 2013-142013-14
Paddy 36.0 28.11 23.65
Wheat 22.0 21.13 29.0
Maize 6.5 7.5 38.7

10. Agriculture (Bihar)Agriculture (Bihar)
Crop
Av. Productivity
enhancement (%)
During 2009-12
compared to
2000-03
During 2011-14
compared to
2005-08
Rice 8.0 84.19
Wheat 23.7 52.21
Maize 30.3 51.82
Quantum jump in average productivity of
three important cereals
Rice occupies a predominant position in Bihar, accounting forRice occupies a predominant position in Bihar, accounting for
42.31 %42.31 % of the total cereals production againstof the total cereals production against 50.5 %50.5 % in 2011-12.in 2011-12.

11. Operation-wise mechanization gapOperation-wise mechanization gap
inin
study area (2013-14)study area (2013-14)
S.S.
NoNo Name of blocksName of blocks
Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)
TillageTillage PlantingPlanting
/ sowing/ sowing
WeedingWeeding SprayingSpraying
/ dusting/ dusting
LevelingLeveling HarvestingHarvesting ThreshingThreshing OtherOther
MadhubaniMadhubani
1 MadhwapurMadhwapur 23.0 92.0 95.0 61.0 86.0 65.0 32.0 75.0
2 BenipattiBenipatti 28.0 100 92.0 59.0 100 85.0 26.0 70.0
3 BasopattiBasopatti 32.0 94.0 100 72.0 100 81.0 35.0 86.0
AverageAverage 27.6727.67 95.3395.33 95.6795.67 64.0064.00 95.3395.33 77.0077.00 31.0031.00 77.0077.00
SamastipurSamastipur
4 KalyanpurKalyanpur 19.0 76.0 87.0 23.0 75.0 71.0 16.0 65.0
5 PusaPusa 16.0 64.0 72.0 27.0 45.0 65.0 9.0 62.0
AverageAverage 17.5017.50 70.0070.00 79.5079.50 25.0025.00 60.0060.00 68.0068.00 12.5012.50 63.5063.50
SitamarhiSitamarhi
6 DumaraDumara 17.0 80.0 100 31.0 62.0 70.0 25.0 80.0
7 Runi SaidpurRuni Saidpur 21.0 85.0 84.0 33.0 100 62.0 19.0 74.0
PupariPupari 39.0 90.0 100.0 31.0 85.0 85.0 20.0 81.0
AverageAverage 25.6725.67 85.0085.00 94.6794.67 31.6731.67 82.3382.33 72.3372.33 21.3321.33 78.3378.33

12. S.S.
NoNo Name of blocksName of blocks
Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)Operation-wise mechanization gap (%)
TillageTillage PlantingPlanting
/ sowing/ sowing
WeedingWeeding SprayingSpraying
/ dusting/ dusting
LevelingLeveling HarvestingHarvesting ThreshingThreshing OtherOther
MuzaffarpurMuzaffarpur
8 MushahariMushahari 22.0 61.0 63.0 21.0 85.0 55.0 17.0 77.0
9 SakaraSakara 37.0 72.0 98.0 43.0 75.0 60.0 22.0 61.0
AverageAverage 29.5029.50 66.5066.50 80.5080.50 32.0032.00 80.0080.00 57.5057.50 19.5019.50 69.0069.00
DarbhangaDarbhanga
10 HanumanHanuman
NagarNagar
35.0 79.0 65.0 42.0 60.0 72.0 13.0 73.0
11 SingwaraSingwara 29.0 87.0 88.0 57.0 80.0 68.0 27.0 62.0
AverageAverage 32.0032.00 83.0083.00 76.5076.50 49.5049.50 70.0070.00 70.0070.00 20.0020.00 67.5067.50
Operation-wise mechanization gapOperation-wise mechanization gap
inin
study area (2013-14)study area (2013-14)

13. District wise mechanization gap inDistrict wise mechanization gap in
different farm operationsdifferent farm operations
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Tillage
Planting
W
eeding
Spraying
Levelling
H
arvesting
Threshing
O
thers
MechanizationGap(%)
Madhubani
Samastipur
Sitamarhi
Muzaffarpur
Darbhanga

14. Number of farm implementsNumber of farm implements
distributed on subsidydistributed on subsidy
MachinesMachines 2010-112010-11 2011-122011-12 2012-132012-13 2013-142013-14 2014-152014-15 2015-162015-16
TractorTractor 36443644 38483848 81588158 50535053 90629062 51055105
Power tillerPower tiller 53305330 75677567 64456445 42934293 20432043 18891889
Laser land levelerLaser land leveler 1010 3030 -- 1111 11 33
Paddy TransplanterPaddy Transplanter -- 1111 2525 6767 2424 --
Zero tillageZero tillage 301301 37873787 77017701 97609760 13481348 18271827
PumpsetPumpset 3034030340 2861528615 2552025520 1801918019 1620316203 63576357
Reaper-cum-binderReaper-cum-binder -- -- 701701 580580 590590 509509
Combine harvesterCombine harvester 6565 109109 322322 261261 164164 214214
ThresherThresher 43164316 48574857 49844984 36523652 14381438 27102710
Manual operatedManual operated
implementsimplements
179790179790 146849146849 485209485209 4307843078 3152631526 45206*45206*
Source : Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Bihar
* Maximum manually operated chaff cutter* Maximum manually operated chaff cutter

15. Tractor sale status in BiharTractor sale status in Bihar
– With/without Subsidy– With/without Subsidy
YearYear
No. ofNo. of
tractor saletractor sale
2000-012000-01 1734417344
2001-022001-02 1402814028
2002-032002-03 1311513115
2003-042003-04 1223512235
2004-052004-05 1463614636
2005-062005-06 99469946
2006-072006-07 1182411824
2007-082007-08 1310413104
2008-092008-09 1757217572
2009-102009-10 2905029050
2010-112010-11 2662126621
2011-122011-12 2598725987
2012-132012-13 2826028260
2013-142013-14 3018730187
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
With subsidy
Without subsidy
• Net Cultivable areaNet Cultivable area – 56.03 lakh hectare– 56.03 lakh hectare
• Tractor population upto 2013-14 – 2,63,909Tractor population upto 2013-14 – 2,63,909
• Tractor availability/ thousand ha – 47Tractor availability/ thousand ha – 47
Source : TMA, New DelhiSource : TMA, New Delhi

16. Subsidy utilization & its distribution inSubsidy utilization & its distribution in
different headsdifferent heads
(2015-16)(2015-16)
• Total subsidy amountTotal subsidy amount – Rs. 175.0 crore– Rs. 175.0 crore
• Total subsidy amount utilizedTotal subsidy amount utilized – Rs. 115.0 crore– Rs. 115.0 crore
• Utilization of subsidy amountUtilization of subsidy amount – 65.71%– 65.71%
S.S.
No.No.
Utilization headUtilization head Subsidy amountSubsidy amount
released (Rs. inreleased (Rs. in
crore)crore)
SubsidySubsidy
utilized (%)utilized (%)
1.1. Power source (Tractor+ Power tiller)Power source (Tractor+ Power tiller) 29.2429.24 25.4325.43
2.2. Pumpset & irrigation pipePumpset & irrigation pipe 28.7428.74 24.9924.99
3.3. Manually operated (Sprayer + Weeder)Manually operated (Sprayer + Weeder) 19.0919.09 16.6016.60
4.4. Combine harvesterCombine harvester 6.656.65 5.785.78
5.5. Processing machinesProcessing machines 8.578.57 7.457.45
6.6. T/D & S/P equipments/ machinesT/D & S/P equipments/ machines 22.7122.71 19.7519.75
Source : Mechanization Cell, Deptt. of Agril., GOBSource : Mechanization Cell, Deptt. of Agril., GOB

17. Tractor sale trend for last threeTractor sale trend for last three
years in Bihar (2012-15)years in Bihar (2012-15)
S.S.
No.No.
Power categorizationPower categorization Percentage sharePercentage share
of total slaeof total slae
1.1. Low power tractorLow power tractor
(<15kw)(<15kw)
2.372.37
2.2. Medium power tractorMedium power tractor
(23-30 kw)(23-30 kw)
74.0774.07
3.3. High power tractorHigh power tractor
(>30kw)(>30kw)
23.5623.56
Estimated tractor availability/1000ha = 5.34Estimated tractor availability/1000ha = 5.34
Source : Deptt. of Agriculture (Mechanization Cell, GOB)

18. Farm Power availabilityFarm Power availability
(kw/ha)(kw/ha)
S. No.S. No. YearYear Farm Power availabilityFarm Power availability
1.1. 2009-102009-10 1.231.23
2.2. 2010-112010-11 1.491.49
3.3. 2011-122011-12 1.671.67
4.4. 2012-132012-13 1.691.69
5.5. 2013-142013-14 1.811.81
6.6. 2014-152014-15 1.901.90

19. Farm Power availability andFarm Power availability and
productivity of cerealsproductivity of cereals
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
Year
Farm Power
Availability
Productivity

20. Agricultural mechanizationAgricultural mechanization
––
ChallengesChallenges
• Farm mechanization, present level : 20 – 25%Farm mechanization, present level : 20 – 25%
• Small farmer andSmall farmer and small farmssmall farms
• High cost machinery owning not profitable due toHigh cost machinery owning not profitable due to
tendency of farmers for self use only.tendency of farmers for self use only.
• Inadequacy of farm power and matching implementsInadequacy of farm power and matching implements
• Lack of trained operators and mechanic.Lack of trained operators and mechanic.
• Lack of machinery service centres and unavailabilityLack of machinery service centres and unavailability
of spares at local level.of spares at local level.
Cont…..Cont…..

21. Agricultural mechanizationAgricultural mechanization
––
ChallengesChallenges
• In-appropriate machinery selectionIn-appropriate machinery selection
• High cost and lower use period machinesHigh cost and lower use period machines
• Variable weather and scanty rainfallVariable weather and scanty rainfall
• Poor quality of implements supplyPoor quality of implements supply
• Poor socio-economic conditions of farmersPoor socio-economic conditions of farmers
• Lack of farm roadsLack of farm roads
• Poor participation of youth and women in agriculturePoor participation of youth and women in agriculture

22. Strategy of promotionStrategy of promotion
• Land consolidationLand consolidation
• F.I.M. (Farmers-Institution-Manufacturers) linkageF.I.M. (Farmers-Institution-Manufacturers) linkage
• Special credit support to machine manufacturers andSpecial credit support to machine manufacturers and
purchaserspurchasers
• Promotional policy for machine manufacturersPromotional policy for machine manufacturers
• Innovating custom service model for farmersInnovating custom service model for farmers
• Training and demonstration in participatory modeTraining and demonstration in participatory mode
• Counseling to farmers for adoption of improvedCounseling to farmers for adoption of improved
technologytechnology Cont…..Cont…..

23. Strategy of promotionStrategy of promotion
• Establishment of Farm Machine Banks.Establishment of Farm Machine Banks.
• Special subsidy for owning and promotion ofSpecial subsidy for owning and promotion of
remunerative as well as high cost - low use periodremunerative as well as high cost - low use period
machine.machine.
• Promotion of machine ownership for custom hiring byPromotion of machine ownership for custom hiring by
socially/ financially backward youth.socially/ financially backward youth.
• Promotion of small machines for individual ownership byPromotion of small machines for individual ownership by
small and marginal farmers.small and marginal farmers.
• Promotion of Farm Machinery Advisory SystemPromotion of Farm Machinery Advisory System
• Categorization and grading of local manufacturersCategorization and grading of local manufacturers
• Timely execution of mechanization promotionalTimely execution of mechanization promotional
programmes.programmes.

24. ThanksThanks