XI-SAN JUAN

1. CHAPTER IV
WATER
RESOURCES

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
I. Recognized how water is distributed on Earth
II. Identify the various water resources on Earth.
III. Explain how different activities effect the quality and availability of water for human use.
IV. Suggest ways of conserving and protecting water resources

3. THE PRICE OF WATER
The current problem on water pollution has resulted to the emergence of commercial potable drinking water
in bottles, commonly called bottled water. The demands for these manufactured products have been
increasing as the problem on the availability and cleanliness of tap water never stops, In this day and age,
water is now considered one of the world’s most expensive commodities-in the same vein as gasoline! How
come water has become expensive even in a country such as the Philippines where rainfall and flooding
often occur?
I. Learn and understand the concepts behind the hydrologic cycle.
II. Appreciate the importance of the hydrologic processes in sustaining life.
III. Be grateful that you have access to clean and potable water; other places do not-they have to walk for hours just to
get drinking water.
IV. Conserve water resources by being conscious and responsible with the use of water, as well as taking part in
activities for its rehabilitation and protection
VALUES

4. Part of Earth's subsystem is the hydrosphere. It makes up 71 % of
Earth's surface, however water is also present in the other
subsystems.
It occurs as water vapor in the atmosphere as an important
constituent of minerals in geosphere and a fundamental component of
living organisms in the biosphere. The existence of water in different
subsystem is part of the hydrologic cycle.

5. Hydrologic
Cycle
The hydrologic cycle, also known as water cycle - is
the movement of water around Earth's surface and
it's subsystems. The cycle consists of interconnected
pathways and reservoirs.

6. Hydrologic Cycle

7. Reservoir
s
Reservoirs are the places where water resided for
varying amount of time while pathways are the processes
that alow water to move between reservoirs and
subsystems.

8. Earth's
waterEarth's water budget – is the total amount of water in the
planet, generally remains constant through time.
According to United Nations world water development
2005 report. The largest reservoir is ocean (97%).
Freshwater is only 2.5% (68.7% found in glaciers, 81% found
in ground water and 0.8% are permafrost, surface water and
atmospheric water.)
Residence time - is the average length of time spent by
water molecule in a reservoirs.

10. Salt water
Reservoirs
An ocean is a vast body of saline water. There is only one
global or world ocean and it covers 71% of Earth. It is
geographically divided into five distinct regions and into
numerous seas, bay, gulfs and straits. Historically it was
named Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and
Arctic Ocean.

11. Salinity- the saltiness of salt water.
The major chemical elements that are present in
saltwater are sodium and chlorine ions. The salinity of
saltwater is maintained within a narrow range by the
process in the hydrologic cycle.

12. Three Major Zones in the
ocean
Surface layer
- consists of relatively warm, low density water, extends from the ocean surface to a
depth of 100 m. This layer is only about 2% of the ocean but it is home of most marine
plants and animals
Thermocline
- is the second layer, the temperature of water decreases rapidly with depth. At high
latitudes, the thermocline reaches the surfaces and extends up to 1500m.
Deep zone
- Deep zone is the layer below the thermocline, where the temperature is uniformly low,
80% if the ocean is in the deep zone

13. Freshwater
Reservoirs
Most of the freshwater on Earth is stored in glaciers,
situated in inaccessible areas such as polar regions and high
mountains. The readily freshwater sources are the surface
water and ground water reservoirs.

14. Glaciers and Ice Sheets
Glaciers- glaciers are permanent body of ice, which
consist largely of recrystallized snow.
Ice sheets- is a mass of glacial land ice extending more
than 50 000 km².

15. Permafrost
- a soil, rock or sediment that's Frozen in more than
two consecutive years are called permafrost. Most of
permafrost are found in polar regions although they
may exist on high altitude. It comprises about 0.8% of
freshwater

16. Surface water
Reservoirs
This includes the streams, lakes and wetlands where
water from rainfall, melting snow and ice and
groundwater flows. They represent 0.3% of Earth's
total water resource.

17. Streams- is a moving body of surface water that flows down slope
towards a sea level because of gravity. It has clearly defined
passageways called channels where particles and dissolve
substances are transported.
A river is a stream with a considerable volume and a well-defined
channel. The land area in which the water flow into a particular
stream is called drainage basin or watershed. Rivers constitute
about 1.6% of the total surface and atmospheric water.

18. Lakes
-are large inland bodies of fresh or saline
water. It's upper surface is exposed to the
atmosphere and is essentially flat. Lakes
stores 67% of the total surface and
atmospheric water.

19. Wetlands
- Land where water covers the surface for
significant period is called wetlands. It is
biologically diverse environment for species that
both relies on land and water for survival. Wetlands
constitute about 8.5% of total land surface and fresh
water.

20. Types of
Wetlands
1.) Marsh- is a shallow wetlands around the lakes, streams and
oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant in vegetation
2.) Swamp- is a wetlands with lush trees and vegetation found
in low-lying areas beside slow moving river
3.) Estuary- is a partly enclosed coastal body of water where
freshwater from stream meets the salt water from the sea.

21. Flood
- a natural event where in an area that is
usually dry submerged under water. It usually
occurs when the precipitation is higher than the
rate in which it could be absorbed by the ground or
carried by streams

22. Groundwater
- is the fresh water found underground in the
cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored
in and moves slowly through geologic formations of
soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. It constitutes
about 30.1% of total freshwater in earth.

23. Aquifer
-a body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit
groundwater.
Types of Aquifers
Unconfined aquifers - are those into which water seeps
from the ground surface directly above the aquifer.

24. Confined aquifers- are those in which an impermeable
dirt/rock layer exists that prevents water from seeping
into the aquifer from the ground surface located directly
above. Instead, water seeps into confined aquifers from
farther away where the impermeable layer doesn't exist.

25. Artesian well- a well in which water is under
pressure especially, one in which the water flows to
the surface naturally
Spring- spring water is defined as natural water
that gets collected from underground sources.

26. Groundwater- Steam relationship
There is an interaction between groundwater flow
and stream flows. There are streams that loose water
downstream, this is called losing or influent stream,
the water goes underground and contributes to
ground water. While the other type of stream is
gaining or effluent stream, could be gaining or
loosing depending to the amount of water available

27. Activities affecting the qualities of
water
Our water resources face a host of serious threats, all
of which are caused primarily by human activity. They
include sedimentation, pollution, climate change,
deforestation, landscape changes, and urban growth.

28. Water resource management
Water resource management is the activity of
planning, developing, distributing and managing the
optimum use of water resources. Ideally, water resource
management planning has regard to all the competing
demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an
equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands.

29. Water Conservation
Water conservation includes all the policies,
strategies and activities to sustainably manage the
natural resource of fresh water, to protect the
hydrosphere, and to meet before the current and future
human demand. Population, household size, and growth
and affluence all affect how much water is used.

30. In the Philippines several laws and
regulations have been enacted for the
protection conservation and management of
freshwater resources.

31. 1.) Presidential decree No.424 of 1974
created the national water resources council (NWRC)
to coordinate and integrate water resources
development.

32. 2.) PD no. 1067
instituted the water code which consolidated the laws
governing the ownership, appropriation, utilitation,
exploitation, development, conservation and protection of
the water resources subject to regulation of NWRC.

33. 3.) Executive order no. 222 of 1995
established the presidential committee on water
conservation and demand management which
was tasked to prepare water conservation plan.

34. 4.) Republic act no. 8041 or the national crisis act of
1995.
5.) The Philippine clean water act of 2004 also provided
comprehensive water quality management

35. PREPARED BY :
JELBERT PLACER VINCO
BENEDICK ESTRADA
XI - SAN JUAN